Surveys are an important tool for researchers. Survey attributes are typically discrete data measured on a Likert scale. Collected responses from the survey contain an enormous amount of data. It is increasingly important to develop powerful means for clustering such data and knowledge extraction that could help in decision-making. The process of clustering becomes complex if the number of surv...

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the Dougados Functional Index (DFI) with 5-point Likert scale is sensitive enough to demonstrate the efficacy of intensive physiotherapy and exercise. METHODS Eight-one consecutive patients with spondyloarthropathy (SpA) completed self-administered questionnaires on functional analysis, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional I...

Personality measurement is based on the idea that values on an unobservable latent variable determine the distribution of answers on a manifest response scale. Typically, it is assumed in the Item Response Theory (IRT) that latent variables are related to the observed responses through continuous normal or logistic functions, determining the probability with which one of the ordered response al...

this study is aimed at investigating the general foreign language classroom anxiety levels of iranian university students through administering horwitz scale (flcas) in addition to examining their reading anxiety through replicating saito’s reading comprehension anxiety scale (flras). the researchers further checked the former by developing and performing a new five–point likert type questionna...

BACKGROUND In sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) predicts the response to sphincterotomy, but is invasive and associated with complications. AIM To evaluate the role of secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (ss-MRCP) in predicting the results of SOM in patients with suspected type II or III SOD. METHODS MRCP was performed at base...