Complex collectives and phenomena – the mind, physiological subsystems, the biological body, social and cultural configurations, governance structures, evolved species, and the larger ecosphere, for instance – manifest themselves in many diverse forms across a wide range of possible dynamical patterns. Over the past two decades, these various and varying complex collectives increasingly have be...

generally, there are four approaches to social phenomena in soial sciences: the agent-based approach, the structural approach, the functional approach, and the critical realistic approach. these approachs, with respect to their specific interpretation of social phenomena, concentrate on the behavior of agents or on the structural charctristics or on both to arriv at explanations. this article i...

Shared understanding and collective power are social phenomena that serve as a form of glue between individual persons. They easily emerge and often involve both cognitive and affective aspects. As the behaviour of each person is based on complex internal mental processes involving, for example, own goals, emotions and beliefs, it would be expected that such sharedness and collectiveness is ver...

The vacuum in the context of social representations: an explanatory hypothesis for the social representation of madness. The present article suggests that cultural contents can be studied with the help of social representations theory. The results of some studies that have described the social representation of madness are described, emphasizing a recurrent characteristic: otherness, that is, m...

Discussions in sociological theory often focus on ontological questions the nature of social reality. Against underlying epistemological realism, I argue for a constructivist notion theory: Theories are webs concepts that we use to guide empirical observations and make sense them. We cannot know real features world, only what our theoretical perspectives us see. therefore represent phenomena by...