The foundational concept for our research, which is largely shared by statisticians and ecologists, is that biodiversity is one of the most important indicators for environmental assessment. Because this indicator decreases in relation to ecosystem stressors, its measurement is essential for predicting future biological impacts of environmental damages. Although many indices have been proposed,...

Mammalian herbivores have important top-down effects on ecological processes and landscapes by generating vegetation changes through grazing and trampling. For free-ranging herbivores on large landscapes, trampling is an important ecological factor. However, whereas grazing is widely studied, low-intensity trampling is rarely studied and quantified. The cold-adapted northern tundra reindeer (Ra...

Palmoplantar lichen planus is a localized and uncommon variant of lichen planus which is mostly resistant to treatment. Our purpose was to discuss all treatment modalities proposed and tested for palmoplantar lichen planus in the literature. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate evidence regarding all treatment modalities proposed and tested for palmoplantar lichen pla...

Abstract Lichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members the Eurotiomycetes Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically lich...

PURPOSE Using pathological examination we evaluated the involvement of lichen sclerosus in urethral strictures in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an observational, descriptive, retrospective study of patients treated for genital lichen sclerosus who had at least 1 biopsy positive for lichen sclerosus. Study exclusion criteria were malignant penile lesions, incomplete data on personal ...

Lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, and lichen simplex chronicus are three of the most common non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva. Lichen sclerosus is characterized by intense vulvar itching and can affect men and women of all ages, but it manifests most commonly in postmenopausal women. Patients with lichen sclerosus have an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, and t...

oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease. icam-1 and vcam-1 are vascular adhesion molecules that their receptors are located on endothelial cells and leukocytes. the aim of this study is the immunohistochemical evaluation of vcam1 and icam1 in oral lichen planus and to compare these two markers with normal mucosa for evaluation of angiogenesis. this descriptive-analy...

Lichen planus is a chronic papulosquamous dermatoses in which both skin and mucosae are involved. There are various morphological forms of lichen planus. Hypertrophic lichen planus is one of the rare clinical variants. Herein, we report a very unusual presentation of hypertrophic lichen planus. A similar presentation has not been reported in literature yet, to the best of our knowledge.

Lichen planus is an inflammatory dermatosis with a prevalence of approximately 1%. Recent meta-analyses show that patients with hepatitis C virus have a 2.5- to 4.5-fold increased risk of developing lichen planus. Lichen planus has also followed vaccinations and has specifically been attributed to the hepatitis B vaccine, the influenza vaccine, and the tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vac...