Outdoors is one of the educational and recreational media that expected to be able bring out creativity stimulate someone control their emotions about uncertainty over achieving goals in life. The method this research descriptive qualitative narrative literature review. Data collection techniques using library research. Types data textual or conceptual. Aspects analysis include definitions, con...

In this paper, the concept of Conjectural Variation (CV) is used to specify optimal generation decision for generation companies (Gencos). The conjecture of Genco is defined as its belief or expectation about the reaction of rivals to change of its output. Using CV method, each Genco has to learn and estimate strategic behaviors of other competitors from available historical market operation da...

We estimate changes in market structure in the US electric power industry during the last three decades using two independent approaches. First, we estimate an industry-wide conjectural-variations parameter. We find that industry concentration was generally rising during the 1970s, but has been gradually and consistently falling since the early 1980s. To check the robustness of these results, w...

In 1943, Abba Lerner wrote an essay entitled Functional Finance and the Federal Debt . The essay elucidates, in just fourteen pages, the principles that Lerner believed should guide the government's budgetary policies. It opens with a recognition that "[a]part from the necessity of winning the war, there is no task facing society today so important as the elimination of economic insecurity" (19...

Imagine a language that is completely unfamiliar; the only means of studying it are an ordinary grammar book and a very large corpus of text. No dictionary is available. How can easily recognized, surface grammatical facts be used to extract from a corpus as much syntactic information as possible about individual words? This paper describes an approach based on two principles. First, rely on lo...

Good-government reform proposals like those offered by Professors Craig Lerner and Nelson Lund generally confront several difficulties. Details matter, but most reform proposals are understandably sketchy.1 The details ordinarily would be fleshed out as the proposal works its way through the process of enactment, but this process is difficult to navigate. The politics of good-government reforms...

Banks continue to di er in many ways, for instance with respect to business models, growth strategies, or nancial health. Neglecting these di erences confuses ine ciency with heterogeneity while sub-sample estimation prohibits e ciency comparisons across di erent samples. We use a latent class stochastic frontier model to estimate simultaneously multiple technology regimes and group membership ...