We show that efficient exchange obtains independently of the degree to which a legal system protects the rights of owners. We study a number of different legal rules, including property rules (strong protection), liability rules (any party can take the owner’s asset but must pay a legally-determined compensation), and even rules that protect the owner’s interests very weakly (liability rules wi...

the protection of fundamental human rights at the time of war or peace is an obligation that should be observed at anytime by the states and international organizations. after the second world war, the non-peaceful situations such as occupation and economic sanctions have occurred numerously, which in some cases lasted for more than a decade. unfortunately, the laws governing these situations a...

Background: ART contracts involving third parties have been created while clinical reproductive treatments are globally widespread. Iran is pioneer in applying these treatments in middle-east due to shii’at jurisprudence prescribing them. This key role in region, has raised Iranian jurists’ responsibility in developing a legal system regarding administration of ART. The most significant part of...

Exceptions to legal rules often represent a step outside the bounds of existing law, specifically, outside the bounds of the rules and principles to which they are exceptions, and their creation is therefore often an exercise of true judicial power—the ability to act unfettered by preexisting legal constraint. Professor Frederick Schauer, in his paper Exceptions, largely ignores this intuition....

Until recently, theorists considering the evolution of human cooperation have paid little attention to institutional punishment, a defining feature of large-scale human societies. Compared to individually-administered punishment, institutional punishment offers a unique potential advantage: the ability to control how quickly legal rules of punishment evolve relative to social behavior that lega...

This paper intends to reexamine commonly accepted view on association of legal rules with corporate governance and financial markets. It summarizes findings of a number of empirical studies and gives view of current thinking on association between legal rules and financial systems characterized by ownership patterns, nature of equity, governance structure, finance behavior and capital structure...

the financial crisis have caused many writers to become concerned with the effectiveness of existing bankruptcy laws, which encompasses both the usefulness of reorganization and liquidation laws, as well as efficiency of the judicial system to uphold the laws in court. this concern accompanied in our legal system with the privatization movement has caused many banks owned by the government to b...

justice rule is among the legal rules that have less dealt with. application of this rule is based on achievement of justice as an attribute for legal rulings. some jurists have no regarded human beings to be capable of comprehending the legal rulings as just and have subjected it to the legislator’s view. thus, using this rule in inference of legal issues and extending it to jurisprudence has ...