A language lexicon can be divided into four main strata, depending on origin of words: core vocabulary words, fullyand partiallyassimilated foreign words, and unassimilated foreign words (or transliterations). This paper focuses on translation of fullyand partially-assimilated foreign words, called “borrowed words”. Borrowed words (or loanwords) are content words found in nearly all languages, ...

Building on previous works (e.g. Kubozono 2006, and Kang 2010), this article attempts to establish a taxonomy for loanword prosody, referring specifically to the patterns of stress, tone, or pitch-accent that are found in loanwords. Toward a taxonomy, we consider the following factors: (i) whether the pronunciation of the word in the source language influences the assignment of prosody in the b...

The aim of this paper is to provide a plausible possibility to analyse bidirectional syncretism patterns of the type Stump (2001) has described for several languages. For many morphological frameworks an analysis of these syncretism patterns poses several problems, because one must stipulate directional rules to ensure the right marker distribution. The mechanism can be seen as a possible exten...

Code-switching has been found to have social motivations in addition to syntactic constraints. In this work, we explore the social effect of code-switching in an online community. We present a task from the Arabic Wikipedia to capture language choice, in this case code-switching between Arabic and other languages, as a predictor of social influence in collaborative editing. We find that code-sw...

1. Introduction Phonologists have long held an interest in loanword adaptations, that is in transformations of foreign words into forms that better conform to the phonotactics of the borrowing language. Analyses of such adaptations generally involve phonological processes that apply to the phonetic representation of the words in the source language. In this paper, we look at loanword adaptation...

The Rust programming language provides a powerful type system that checks linearity and borrowing, allowing code to safely manipulate memory without garbage collection making ideal for developing low-level, high-assurance systems. For such systems, formal verification can be useful prove functional correctness properties beyond safety. This paper presents Verus, an SMT-based tool formally verif...

AIMS To measure the frequency of syringe borrowing in young Irish injecting drug users (IDUs) and identify associated characteristics. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Addiction treatment services in Dublin. PARTICIPANTS Treated IDUs (N = 246). MEASUREMENTS Data on drug injecting and syringe borrowing in the previous 6 months. FINDINGS The median age was 22 years and the median ...