This Discussion Paper is issued within the framework of IZA's research area 0RELOLW\ DQGG)OH[LELOLW\ RII /DERUU 0DUNHWV Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and ...

OBJECTIVES To describe the implementation process of a birth preparation program, the activities in the protocol for physical and birth preparation exercises, and the educational activities that have been evaluated regarding effectiveness and women's satisfaction. The birth preparation program described was developed with the following objectives: to prevent lumbopelvic pain, urinary incontinen...

Minimum quality regulations are often justified in the child care market because of presence information frictions between parents and providers. However, can also have unintended consequences for quantity services provided. In this paper, we merge new data on states' maximum classroom group sizes child-to-staff ratios with universe online job postings to study impact demand characteristics lab...

Prolonged labor is one of causes maternal and infant death. Several prolonged are inefficient uterine contractions, presentation or position the fetus, inadequate pelvic bones abnormalities soft tissues, which result in failure to progress an increase incidence Caesarean section delivery. The upright will encourage stronger more efficient wherein gravity occur keep baby's head pressed towards l...

Background
 The combination of pelvic rocking exercise using a birth ball and back massage as non-pharmacological therapy needs to be investigated in relation reducing pain labor duration primigravida mothers.
 
 Aim
 This study aims determine the effect on mothers. Methods design this was quasy Experiment with approach non-equivalent control group 's. research sample 160 ma...

In this paper, we study whether Swiss employers substitute between training apprentices and hiring cross-border workers. Because both skilled workers are costly for firms, hypothesize that (easier) access to will lead some away from their own We account potential endogeneity issues by instrumenting a firm’s share of using distance the national border therefore its possibility fall back on satis...

This Discussion Paper is issued within the framework of IZA's research area 0RELOLW\\ DQGG)OH[LELOLW\\RII/DERUU0DUNHWV Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and v...