al-akhawayni bukhari(?-983 ad), great 10th century persian physician, in his extant book entitled hidayat(guide) discussed different aspects of some neurologic diseases that include prevention, clinical findings, treatment, and sometimes prognosis. without doubt, al-akhawayni’s knowledge on neurology, in addition to his familiarity to the works of his predecessors is obviously indebted to his e...

starting his intellectual life as a precociously young medical practitioner, quṭb al-dīn shīrāzī (634-710 a.h.) was compelled to wander far and wide in his quest for knowledge. recognized and admired as a savant, and enjoying the patronage of key political figures of his era, shīrāzī's activities as a scholar continued even during his appointment as judge in rūm, and while serving as ambas...

death is one of the most inspiring concepts in most of well-known contemporary western and arab poets’works,including t.s. eliot and badr shakir al-sayyab’s. it plays a unique role in shaping the modern poetry. this paper contains a comparative archetypal-based analysis of symbolic aspects of death in “the waste land”, the most famous literary work by t.s.eliot whose impression on al-sayyab was...

History Guy Leroy Hunner, a Boston gynaecologist, described this inflammatory bladder disease a century ago in great detail for the first time in a series of papers, the first being published in 1914 (republished in 1915). In this first paper he writes: “While cystoscopy usually reveals only one inflammatory spot, there may be two or three granulation areas near together or somewhat separated, ...

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease where predetermined and stochastic factors conspire to confer disease susceptibility. In light of the diverse responses to targeted therapies, rheumatoid arthritis might represent a final common clinical phenotype that reflects many pathogenic pathways. Therefore, it might be appropriate to begin thinking about rheumatoid arthritis as a syndrome rather ...