This paper proposes a means of using the knowledge in a network to determine the functionality or relevance of individual units, both for the purpose of understanding the network's behavior and improving its performance. The basic idea is to iteratively train the network to a certain performance criterion, compute a measure of relevance that identifies which input or hidden units are most criti...

A method is presented for proving primality and functional completeness theorems, which makes use of the operation–relation duality. By the result of Sierpiński, we have to investigate relations generated by the two-element subsets of A only. We show how the method applies for proving SÃlupecki’s classical theorem by generating diagonal relations from each pair of k-tuples.

Most operators for merging multiple knowledge bases (where each is a set of formulae) aim to produce a knowledge base as output that best reflects the information available in the input. Whilst these operators have some valuable properties, they do not provide explicit information on the degree to which each formula in the output has been, in some sense, supported by the different knowledge bas...

In the developed countries, many organizations are regarded a...

Although teacher education programs have been in existence for a long time, second language teacher education is a relatively recent development. Traditionally, second or foreign language teachers were either native speakers of the target language or had some recognized expertise in the language. To the extent that instructors from either of these two sources had degree work or undertaken other...

The recent advances in knowledge base research and the growing importance of effective knowledge management raised an important question of knowledge base equivalence verification. This problem has not been stated earlier, at least in a way that allows speaking about algorithms for verification of informational equivalence, because the informal definition of knowledge bases makes formal solutio...

The goal of educational methods is to allow the pupil the acquisition of knowledge. Even so, the way in which this aim is pursued originates four different currents of methods sorted by two criteria: (1) who leads the educational process and (2) requirement of pupil physical attendance. Regarding the former criterion, the process may be conducted either by the teacher—Teaching-Oriented Process—...

many verses in the holy quran prove that there is a certain kind of knowledge that can be obtained through the practice of religious laws (sharia) and the way to doctrine (tarighat), progress  and conduct towards the most holy god and attention to the sacred universe. this knowledge is that intuitive knowledge which stands beside the other cognitive resources as a way of understanding. but like...

Motivated by two industrial experiments in which rather extreme prior knowledge was used to choose the design, we show that the QB criterion, which aims to improve the estimation in as many models as possible by incorporating experimenters’ prior knowledge along with an approximation to the As criterion, is more general and has a better statistical interpretation than many standard criteria. Th...