S.typhimurium is a gram negative bacterium causing serious enteric or extraintestinal infections in human, cattle and birds. These kinds of infections may lead to some permanent or nonpermanent complications like endophthalmitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and osteomyelitis . Multi-resistant strains of S.typhimurium have been reported from several countries, and these infections are a major public...

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals with severe agricultural and economic implications. One of the most highly infectious and contagious livestock pathogens known, the disease spreads rapidly in naïve populations making it critical to have rapidly acting vaccines. Needle inoculation of killed virus vaccine is an efficient method of swiftly vacci...

Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is the most efficient vaccine yet developed in monkey models of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In all successful vaccine trials, attenuation was achieved by inactivating at least the nef gene. We investigated some virological and immunological characteristics of five rhesus macaques immunized with a nef-inactivated SIVmac251 molecular...

The prospect of developing an effective cholera vaccine has improved in recent years, with increased understanding of the mucosal immune system that protects against enteric infections and the discovery that volunteers recovering from cholera were substantially protected against reinfection for several years. The ideal vaccine would be cheap, safe, easy to administer, and effective after a sing...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a pandemic and killed millions across the globe [...]

BACKGROUND Traditional vaccine trial methods have an underlying assumption that the effect of a vaccine is the same throughout the trial area. There are, however, many spatial and behavioral factors that alter the rates of contact among infectious and susceptible individuals and result in different efficacies across a population. We reanalyzed data from a field trial in Bangladesh to ascertain ...