Hulett Refinery had been experiencing problems with higher than normal ash gains since the 1987/88 season. Investigations into the composition .ofthe as~ sho,,:ed the major cause of the ash gam to be an mcr~~se in calcium. It ~as proposed that the calcium was solubl1~sed by reaction WIth lactic acid to form calcium lactate WhICh was not removed during carbonatation. This proposal was later.c~)O...

The article shows examples of the use Aspen Hysys software for optimization AVT-3 and AT-2 crude oil distillation units at Atyrau Oil Refinery. was implemented Refinery first time.Calculations were carried out to optimize refinery with construction a model in Hysys. As result calculations, possibility improving efficiency individual parts revealed, pilot runs on confirm. During run unit, restri...

Abstract The most crucial function in drilling wells is the rate of penetration, which modeled by many researchers, and best one Young-Bourgyen model, used this study. Eight factors affecting penetration have been studied approved developing a mathematical equation that shows combined effects these variables on optimization. This paper presents an efficient way to find optimum values for parame...

Workplace air samples analyzed for benzene at four US refineries from 1976 to 2007 were pooled into a single dataset to characterize similarities and differences between job titles, tasks and refineries, and to provide a robust dataset for exposure reconstruction. Approximately 12,000 non-task (>180 min) personal samples associated with 50 job titles and 4000 task (<180 min) samples characteriz...

To evaluate the hypothesis of increased kidney cancer risk after exposure to hydrocarbons, especially those present in gasoline, we conducted a case-control study in a cohort of approximately 100,000 male refinery workers from five petroleum companies. A review of 18,323 death certificates identified 102 kidney cancer cases, to each of whom four controls were matched by refinery location and de...

The objectives of this work were to develop a means of sampling atmospheric dusts on the premises of an oil refinery for electron microscopic study to carry out preliminary morphological analyses and to compare these dusts with those collected at sites beyond the refinery limits. Carbon and collodion membranes were used as a support for collection of dust particles straight on transmission elec...

The new Kennecott Utah Copper smelter, started in 1995, was designed to be the cleanest smelter environmentally in the world. The plant is operating at production rates above the original design capacity. Copper concentrate is smelted in an Outokumpu flash smelting furnace. Matte is granulated and processed using Kennecott-Outokumpu flash converting. Copper anodes are processed in a modernized ...

10.2 Historical Development In the early days of South African gold mining, the crude bullion produced had to be shipped to London for refining. The concept of a local refinery had been considered for several years before the first positive step was taken in 1909, when the Transvaal Chamber of Mines founded the Witwatersrand Co-operative Smelting Works, to treat the gold and silver bearing by-p...

background: it is believed that improved safety culture/climate is a fundamental element to accident prevention. therefore, development a scale to assess safety climate is a step towards accident control. the purpose of this study was to construct a persian safety climate questionnaire. methods: the study took place in tehran and esfahan oil refineries in iran in 2010. an initial questionnaire ...