When firms collude and charge supracompetitive prices, consumers can bring antitrust lawsuits against the firms. litigation cost is low, accept as just another of doing business, whereas when high, lower price to deter litigation. Class action modeled a mechanism that allows plaintiffs attorneys obtain economies scale. We show class actions, firms’ incentive block them, may or not be socially d...

β1 integrin regulates multiple epithelial cell functions by connecting cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). While β1 integrin-mediated signaling in murine epithelial stem cells is well-studied, its role in human adult epithelial progenitor cells (ePCs) in situ remains to be defined. Using microdissected, organ-cultured human scalp hair follicles (HFs) as a clinically relevant model for st...

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are associated with degradation of components of the extracellular matrix by different proteinases. Among those, papain-like cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, seem to play an important role, as they are associated with poor clinical outcome in different cancers. In this study, we tested whether cystatin C, a natural extracellular inhibitor of papain-lik...

Slow cycling is a common feature shared among several stem cells (SCs) identified in adult tissues including hair follicle and cornea. Recently, existence of unipotent SCs in basal and lumenal layers of sweat gland (SG) has been described and label retaining cells (LRCs) have also been localized in SGs; however, whether these LRCs possess SCs characteristic has not been investigated further. He...

Homozygous mice overexpressing Claudin-6 (Cldn6) exhibit a perturbation in the epidermal differentiation program leading to a defective epidermal permeability barrier (EPB) and dehydration induced death ensuing within 48 h of birth [Turksen, K., Troy, T.C., 2002. Permeability barrier dysfunction in transgenic mice overexpressing claudin 6. Development 129, 1775-1784]. Their heterozygous counter...

Introduction: This study is to formulate the Euterpe Oleracea in-situ gel for better treatment of conjunctivitis. The ophthalmic drug solution can treat ocular infections effectively. Aim: Formulation and evaluation Eutepe conjunctivitis Methodology: containing prepared by using different polymers like carbopol-940, HPMC K15, K100, K4M, as a pH triggered gelling system, these are used controlle...