Cryosurgery is a technique for destroying undesirable tissue, such as cancers, by exposing it to a very low temperature. This paper presents a thermodynamic modeling tool that has been developed for a two stage, mixed gas Joule-Thomson (MGJT) cryoprobe used for cryosurgery. A conventional vapor compression (VC) cycle using a pure refrigerant precools the MGJT cycle providing refrigeration at th...

Heat exchangers play an important role in the performance of thermal machines, namely, electric power generators, engines and refrigerators. Regarding thermoelectrics, this influence is even higher, owing to the difficulty of transferring heat from the small surface area of a typical thermoelectric module to a bigger one. Particularly, in the hot face of an average 40 mm x 40 mm Peltier module,...

The article presents a study of the origin extra harmonics in frequency spectrum thermocouple output signal when being heated by sinusoidal waveform current. It is natural to have first harmonic, which arises according Ohm’s law, as product current and total resistance junction conductors, well Peltier, Thomson effects, presence second caused heating conductors. fact that third higher arise con...