Timur Kuran has spent much of the last decade investigating the economic and institutional development of the Middle East. The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East brings the results of this research together to provide an explanation for the decline in the region’s economic fortunes. Although generations of scholars have sought to understand the Middle East’s economic dec...

The result of Indonesian legislative election 2004 is analyzed with certain comparative with the previous one (1999). This analysis is constructed by using the graph theoretical analysis by finding the Euclidean distances among political parties. The distances are then treated in ultrametric spaces by using the minimum spanning tree algorithm. By having the Indonesian hierarchical taxonomy mode...

Plants are the most common bioindicatorsused in air quality biomonitoring studies because they are immobile and they have more sensitive to the most prevalent air pollutants than humans and animals. To identify the concentrations and sources of heavy metals in ornamental plants of Isfahan landscape, samples of leaves and soil around Pinuseldarica and Nerium oleander were collected at different ...

F. Hosseinzadeh Lot a, A. A. Noora b, H. Nikoomaram c, M. Alimardani d , M. Modi e (a) Dept. of Math. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran. (b) Dept. of Math. Sistan and Balochestan University, Iran, (c) Dept. of Management. Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran. (d) Dept. of Math. Tehran -North Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran,...