understanding the fundamental issues of the iran-iraq war as well as the factors affecting understanding the nature of it is the most important window to the correct understanding the history of the holy defense. if done correctly, this will provide an opportunity to understand the trends and events of the iran-iraq war which regardless of political and factional controversies, it paves the gro...

This paper employs a multivariate dynamic conditional correlation GARCH model, which is developed by Engle (2001, 2002), to detect the timing and nature of changes in the comovement between Iranian output and prices for the periods after Iran–Iraq war , known as imposed war . The results showed that there is a weak correlation between output and prices after imposed war and  varies periodically...

post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) may develop after a terrifying event involving physical injury or the threat of physical harm in war. eight years of war after iraq attacked iran (between 1980-1988) caused thousands of ptsd among iranian soldiers as well as civilians. many of those people are suffering several decades from this form of anxiety most now a complicated form of complex ptsd. y...

Identifying whether there is a nexus between Iraq and Afghanistan combat injuries and civilian violence on return from deployment is complicated by differences in reactions of individuals to combat exposure, the overlapping effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the low base rate of civilian violence after combat exposure. Moreover, the overall pre...

iea Introduction Concern about war between some Western countries and Iraq has mounted in recent weeks. War with Iraq may have important economic consequences as well as political and security-related consequences. First-order consequences might include increased oil prices and also higher defence expenditure at a time when it appears that tax revenues will be rising much more slowly than gover...

2014 marks the centennial of the outbreak of World War I—the first war that saw the large-scale use of chemical weapons. Although poisons have been used in warfare for centuries, it was rapid advances in science and engineering and the rise of the modern chemical industry that made the mass production of toxic chemicals possible. The horrors of gas warfare led to the signing of the Geneva Proto...

I read with interest the recent published article (1) in your esteemed journal. The Presented data regarding the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in this paper was very interesting. However, I would like to highlight some points for more clarification of the issue. The prevalence of HAV infection differs in various parts of the world based on the geographic area, sanitary conditi...

BACKGROUND The eye is one of the most sensitive organs to sulfur mustard (SM) [C4H8Cl2S], and preliminary symptoms of exposure usually become evident in the eyes. In this study we aim to evaluate the possible long-term retinal electrophysiologic complications of SM poisoning in Iranian veterans during Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988). METHODS In a cross-sectional study forty Iranian veterans who wer...