Using a modified ionization model based on nonlocal impact ionization, Miller's relationship is examined for typical reach-through collector VLSI bipolar transistors with collector epi-thickness between 0.025 and 1 /im. The empirical parameter n in Miller's relationship is evaluated under nonlocal impact ionization conditions within the useful range of current gain which corresponds to 0.1 > 1 ...

In this paper we formulate a theory for the analysis of resonant enhanced multi photon ionization processes in molecules. Our approach consists of viewing the (n + m) photon ionization process from an isotropic initial state as m -photon ionization out of an oriented, excited state. The orientation in this resonant state, which is reached by n -photon excitation from the initial state, is nonis...

We show that the observable rate of tunneling ionization of a molecule in intense low-frequency laser field is affected by nuclear motion and can essentially differ from a bare electronic characteristic calculated for fixed nuclei. Both the absolute value of the rate and the shape of its orientation dependence are affected. The effect is significant for I ∼ 1014 W/cm2 and becomes more pronounce...

The ionization history of the universe provides a major source of ambiguity in constraining cosmological models using small angular scale microwave background anisotropies. To clarify these issues, we consider a complete treatment of Compton scattering to second order, an approach which may be applicable to other astrophysical situations. We find that only the O(v) Doppler effect, and the O(vδ)...