Solar energetic particles (SEPs) occasionally contribute additional atmospheric ionization beyond that arising from the usual galactic cosmic ray background. During an SEP event associated with a solar flare on April 11, 2013, the vertical ionization rate profile obtained using a balloon-borne detector showed enhanced ionization with a 26% increase at 20 km, over Reading, United Kingdom. Fluctu...

background: the aim of this work was to study the output factors for linac using different ionization chambers and build up caps. materials and methods: output factors were measured for open square fields (3 × 3 cm to 40 × 40 cm) defined by collimator jaws for 6 and 15 mv photon beams from a varian clinac 2100c accelerator were measured. the measurements in air were performed using compact cyli...

A synthetic single crystal diamond detector (SCDD) is commercially available and is characterized for radiation dosimetry in various radiation beams in this study. The characteristics of the commercial SCDD model 60019 (PTW) with 6- and 15-MV photon beams, and 208-MeV proton beams, were investigated and compared with the pre-characterized detectors: Semiflex (model 31010) and PinPoint (model 31...

background: nanotechnology is a new approach that has been lionized in recent years. one of its applications is its consumption as an absorbent. in this study, the single-wall carbon nanotubes (swcnts) were used as an absorbent for sampling benzene in the air. materials and methods: for this study, swcnts manufactured by iran and skc’s activated charcoal were used for sampling benzene vapors. p...

A one-hundred-anode microchannel plate detector is constructed on a 10 cm × 15 cm printed circuit board and attached to a homebuilt matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Ringing and cross talk between anodes have been successfully eliminated and preliminary mass spectra of peptide ions recorded. With one hundred anodes on the printed circuit board...

In this article we demonstrate the performance of a direct conversion amorphous selenium (a-Se) X-ray detector using biphenyldisnhydride/1,4 phenylenediamine (BPDA/PPD) polyimide (PI) as a hole-blocking layer. The use of a PI layer with a-Se allows detector operation at high electric fields (≥10 V/μm) while maintaining low dark current, without deterioration of transient performance. The hole m...

A. Introduction B. Optical and Spectrophotometric Detectors 1. Differential refractometry 2. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry 3. Fluorescence detection 4. Infrared spectrophotometric detectors 5. Spectrophotometric detection with post-column chemical reaction C. Some Miscellaneous Detection Systems 1. The mass spectrometer as an HPLC detector 2. Radioactivity detectors 3. Density, electrochemical ...