Volcanic hazards assessment tools are essential for risk mitigation of volcanic activities. A number of offline volcanic hazard assessment tools have been provided, but in most cases, they require relatively complex installation procedure and usage. This situation causes limited usage of volcanic hazard assessment tools among volcanologists and volcanic hazards communities. In addition, volcani...

In some instances, it is inevitable that large amounts of potentially hazardous chemicals like chlorine gas are stored and used in facilities in densely populated areas. In such cases, all safety issues must be carefully considered. To reach this goal, it is important to have accurate information concerning chlorine gas behaviors and how it is dispersed in dense urban areas. Furthermore, mainta...

Permafrost (frozen ground that remains at or below 0◦C for at least two consecutive years) covers 24% of northern circumpolar continents (Zhang et al. 1999). Thawing permafrost in a warming climate can cause hazards of serious concern: (1) Significant amounts of greenhouse gases can be released into the atmosphere due to large-scale microbial decomposition of organic matter that are previously ...