The main advantage of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the random assignment of treatment that prevents selection by prognosis. Nevertheless, only few RCTs can be performed given their high cost and the difficulties in conducting such studies. Therefore, several analytical methods for removing the effects of selection bias in observational studies have been proposed. The first aim of th...

Subspace estimation plays an important role in, for example, sensor array signal processing. Recursive methods for subspace tracking with application to non-stationary environments , have also drawn considerable interest. In this paper, Instrumental Variable (IV) extensions of the recently developed Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking (PAST) algorithm are presented. The IV-approach is mo...

This note observes that instrumental variables techniques are useful not only for estimating causal effects, but that they simultaneously solve the ecological inference problem. ∗Correspondence can be addressed to the author at MEDS Department, Kellogg School of Management, 2001 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, or by email: [email protected]. The ecological inference problem i...

S ir Arthur Stanley Eddington said, " We used to think that if we knew one, we knew two, because one and one are two. We are finding that we must learn a great deal more about 'and'. " Combining multiple materials with desirable properties is an oft-pursued route to achieve artificial composite materials with functionalities superior to any of their parts. When the dimensions at which the const...

The ability to allow for flexible forms of unobserved heterogeneity is an essential ingredient in modern microeconometrics. In this paper we extend the application of instrumental variable (IV) methods to a wide class of problems in which multiple values of unobservable variables can be associated with particular combinations of observed endogenous and exogenous variables. In our Generalized In...

The vigor with which a participant performs actions that produce valuable outcomes is subject to a complex set of motivational influences. Many of these are believed to involve the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, which act as an interface between limbic and motor systems. One prominent class of influences is called pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT), in which the motivational characteris...

The aim of this paper is to present the concept of an ‘instrumental’ obstacle. In French agricultural education, the spreadsheet is often used as a tool or “artefact” in statistics teaching. Some obstacles to learning appear due to the use of this instrument. Difficulties appear during the learning of analysis of variance by students, who are not trained mathematicians. The concept of average h...

This article deals with the concept of instrumental gesture, specifically the gestures of bowed string instruments. These reflections are an extension of my compositional and research work at Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics and Music (IRCAM). The idea of gesture will be explored from many angles, from the simple gesture of a performer bowing a violin to produce a sound, to ...