The present paper intends to examine the four most important approaches to institutions as they now prevail in the economic literature. These are: the transaction-cost approach, the principal-agent approach, the equilibrium-of-thegame approach, and the evolutionary approach. Each approach will be succinctly presented and, in a second step, the question as to whether institutions can be ineffici...

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. By H. T. Hyman, M.D. Second edition. (Pp. xxix t 716. 55s.) London: Lippincott, 1953. THIS is an unusual book and of a type which will be strange to British readers. It starts with a section in which are listed 1,585 symptoms and signs. Reference to any one of these directs the reader to some one of the 232 divisions of differential diagnosis, alphabetically arranged. Th...

In this paper we reconsider the definition of counts-as relations in normative multiagent systems under the light of agent theory: counts-as relations do not directly provide an abstract interpretation of brute facts in terms of institutional facts. We argue that in many cases the inference of institutional facts from brute facts is the result of actions of agents acting on behalf of the normat...

This article uses a case study of selective drug law enforcement in Cleveland, Ohio, to explore the contours of institutional racism in criminal justice policy and practice. Using the multilevel theoretical framework developed by Ian Haney López (2000) that highlights the processes underlying how institutional racism is manifested, I analyze how and why racially discriminatory arrest and chargi...

Interprofessional education has been defined as “occasions when two or more professions learn from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care” (CAIPE 1997). Much that has been written about interprofessional education (IPE) and the interprofessional team has concentrated on two or at most three professions, primarily medicine, nursing and pharmacy. Educational program...

The paper explores a phenomenon often observed in transition economies, when newly established institutions are misused, i.e., applied or resorted to for reasons which have little in common with their intended or anticipated purpose. In such incidences institutions become sources of private gains and lose their value-creation role and capacity. We offer a typology of institutional misuse (illus...

All opinions expressed here are those of the authors and not those of the Economics Education and Research Consortium Research dissemination by the EERC may include views on policy, but the EERC itself takes no institutional policy positions Though Russia is very rich in natural resources, the share of natural resource rental payments in budget revenues is very low, less than 4% of the consolid...

this paper presents a different explanation and perception of essence and function of the “national security strategy document”, based on general framework of practical and interpretive approaches to the philosophy of politics and social science. then based on the already concept, it is explained that, “national security strategizing” , and shaping of an integrated and unitary reading and inter...