BACKGROUND An important factor influencing the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases is the contribution of hosts with different parasitemia (no. of parasites per ml of blood) to the infected vector population. Today, estimation of this contribution is often impractical since it relies exclusively on limited-scale xenodiagnostic or artificial feeding experiments (i.e., measuring the pr...

The diarrheagenic pathogen enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) limits the death of infected enterocytes early in infection. A number of bacterial molecules and host signaling pathways contribute to the enhanced survival of EPEC-infected host cells. EspZ, a type III secreted effector protein that is unique to EPEC and related "attaching and effacing" (A/E) pathogens, plays a role in limitin...

Three hybridizing species-the clade [(Drosophila yakuba, D. santomea), D. teissieri]-comprise the yakuba complex in the D. melanogaster subgroup. Their ranges overlap on Bioko and São Tomé, islands off west Africa. All three species are infected with Wolbachia-maternally inherited, endosymbiotic bacteria, best known for manipulating host reproduction to favor infected females. Previous analyses...

The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, is an eriophyid pest of wheat, although its primary economic impact on wheat is due to the transmission of Wheat streak mosaic (WSMV), Wheat mosaic (also known as High Plains virus), and Triticum mosaic (TriMV) viruses. These viruses cause significant annual losses in winter wheat production throughout the western Great Plains. Temperature and humi...

Parasite infections often induce a reduction in host immune response either because of a direct manipulation of the immune system by the parasite or because of energy depletion. Although infection-induced immunodepression can favour the establishment of the parasite within the host, a too severe immunodepression may increase the risk of infection with opportunistic pathogens, stopping the perio...

Haplorchis  taichui is parasitic heterophyidae(trematoda) which lives in the intestinal mucosa of its main host and producing heterophyidosis,which is a zonootic diseases.subsequent to the authors, provious  studies which were made on parasit,s lift  cycle in nature in Khuzestan province,Iran,this experimental study was performed with the aim of establishing the parasite,s lift cycle in laborat...

Many trophically-transmitted parasite larvae actively manipulate their intermediate host behaviour in ways increasing its transmission probabilities to the next host in their life cycle. Only stages infective for the next host alter host behaviour in such a way. Before reaching infectivity, parasite larvae grow into several larval stages in the intermediate host, all being non-infective for the...

The presence of the anisakid nematode Hysterothylacium gadi aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) is reported for the first time in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) as a new host in freshwater farms from Turkey. This marine parasitic nematode is thought to complete the life cycle in fresh water and rainbow trout could act as the definitive host for this parasite under fresh water c...

Abstract A survey on Anisakis simplex ( sensu stricto s.s. )) from blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou , in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean revealed occurrence of high infection levels third larval stages visceral organs and flesh. Larvae were genetically identified with a multilocus approach as A. ). Histochemical, immunohistochemical ultrastructural observations conducted 30 M. specimens....

Chlamydial infections in humans cause severe health problems, including blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases. Although the involved pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, the ability to replicate and maintain long-term residence in the infected cells seems to significantly contribute to chlamydial pathogenicity. These obligate intracellular parasites maintain a delicate balance be...