For decades the most common therapeutic option for young patients with severe valve disease due to a congenital heart defect has been a biological valve replacement, which undergoes degenerative processes and therefore inevitably leads to reoperations within five to ten years [1-3]. Children especially require earlier re-interventions due to stronger immunological reactions to the grafts [4-8] ...

Holographic gratings in photorefractive crystals that are based on charge redistribution inevitably decay as a result of ionic and electronic conduction. Under certain and restricted conditions these decay times can be acceptably long. Relevant decay rates and transient hologram field expressions are derived with special reference to LiNbO(3). Some experimental data are presented.

A stochastic theory of diffusion-controlled reaction is developed with the emphasis on the many-body aspects which rigorous stochastic theories inevitably encounter. The field operator method developed in our previous paper is extensively used in the analysis. The classical Smoluchowski theory is shown to be strictly valid in the long-time scale, and its relation to the Boltzmann equation is di...

Based on the communication paradigm of Land Information Systems, this paper presents (1) how uncertainty is inevitably introduced in LIS databases, (2) four resulting types of uncertainty, and (3) different means to deal with uncertainty. Finally, the paper suggests that there exist two classes of land data with regards to their reliability.

When an infant or young child presents with subdural haemorrhage, the diagnostic priority is to exclude physical child abuse. A team approach should be adopted for the clinical child protection investigation. The diagnostic process is inevitably one of detective work; appropriate radiological, ophthalmological, haematological, biochemical, and postmortem investigations are discussed.

The Web is one of the most popular Internet applications today. However, transmissions on the Internet are not very robust, and users are inevitably faced with breakdown situations. To take appropriate recovery actions, a basic user's model of how the Internet works, that is, an application specific model of the important network components relevant to the application in question, is deemed to ...

We describe an attempt to numerically model Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) from ”within”, i.e., by using them as the most fundamental ingredient of a Monte Carlo event generator (MC) rather than considering them as a kind of (more or less important, depending on the actual situation) ”afterburner”, which inevitably changes the original physical content of the MC code used to model multipartic...

Introduction The clinician's choice of treatment for gonorrhoea focuses on clinical efficacy, patient acceptability and toxicity. These criteria inevitably encompass consideration of in vitro antimicrobial sensitivities, the pharmacokinetic properties of candidate antimicrobials, anticipated compliance, cost-effectiveness, ease of administration, patient's age, pregnancy and previous adverse dr...

Enabling Collective Action for Smallholder Market Access Discussions about poverty reduction inevitably include the need to increase small landholders’ ability to participate successfully in market exchanges. However, smallholders must be aware of new opportunities and challenges brought about by changes in the global agricultural economy. Prominent among these changes Enabling Collective Actio...

This will be a panel discussion on approaches to problem solving. It will focus on identifying the essence of a problem and how to approach a solution. Although some SAS code will inevitably pop up, the discussion will be geared to the thinking before the typing starts.