Although no historical information exists about the Indus civilization (fl. c. 2600-1900 BC), archaeologists have uncovered about 3800 short samples of a script that was used throughout the civilization. The script remains undeciphered, despite a large number of attempts and claimed decipherments over the past 80 years. Here, we propose the use of probabilistic models to analyze the structure o...

It is believed that Greater India migrated from the southern hemisphere, collided with Gondwanaland, Angaraland and Cathaysia, thereby closing an intervening oceanic Tethys along the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone (IYTSZ).The suture zone is placed along the Chaman Fault in the Baluchistan-Afghanistan area in the west, and the Indus-Yarlung-Tsangpo in the north, whereas along the east from Th...

Abstract Microscopic wood identifications were performed on five Buddhist temple structures, three vernacular houses, two stupas, and holy trees located in Ladakh, a region the Indian state of Jammu Kashmir Western Himalayas. Leh is Ladakh’s capital along Indus River, backbone Ladakh. The buildings, stupa, are Leh. Ladakh high-altitude desert with extremely scarce vegetation. Natural vegetation...

Although no historical information exists about the Indus civilization (flourished ca. 2600-1900 B.C.), archaeologists have uncovered about 3,800 short samples of a script that was used throughout the civilization. The script remains undeciphered, despite a large number of attempts and claimed decipherments over the past 80 years. Here, we propose the use of probabilistic models to analyze the ...

Abstract Assessing groundwater recharge is crucial for managing and governing water resources in any region. Indus River Basin (IRB) an area that relies heavily on canal irrigation. The replenishment of largely dependent surface supplies. purpose this research to determine the amount from various sources Rachna Doab. study employed budget method calculate seasonal during Rabi (October–March) Kh...

Just as modern nation-states struggle to manage the cultural and economic impacts of migration, ancient civilizations dealt with similar external pressures and set policies to regulate people's movements. In one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Civilization, mechanisms linking city populations to hinterland groups remain enigmatic in the absence of written documents. However, isotopic...