Human milk oligosaccharides are key components of human milk and appear in various compositions and concentrations in all human milks. In regulatory sense human milk oligosaccharides are classified as novel foods or novel food ingredients requiring safety assessment. In addition, if any health messages are intended to be used also health claim regulations apply. This chapter reviews the regulat...

These reforms should theoretically result in reduced EU farm production, however, as the authors of papers in the Farm Policy Journal point out, this is unlikely to happen in the near future. Projections suggest EU farm production levels are likely to be maintained for most commodities and even increase for some, meaning that current EU trade barriers will remain in place, and the EU’s use of e...

The enlargement of the EU has implications for the national defence requirements and therefore national defence policy of European nations. In light of the freedom of movement of citizens between member states it is appropriate to consider the implications of a country’s military expenditure for it’s macroeconomy and specifically on the flows of migration between member states. Traditionally in...

Historically, devaluations have played a major role in the economies of the Nordic countries. Within the European Monetary Union (EMU), national exchange rate policy can no longer be used to improve competitiveness of exporting industries, and adjustment pressures caused by changes in international demand and prices by are put on factor markets. In this study price linkages are compared between...

We study the behaviour of the Betfair betting market and the sterling/dollar exchange rate (futures price) during 24 June 2016, the night of the EU referendum. We investigate how the two markets responded to the announcement of the voting results. We employ a Bayesian updating methodology to update prior opinion about the likelihood of the final outcome of the vote. We then relate the voting mo...

Given the increasing importance of digital economy, competition for technologies and solutions, as well contest to influence norms, standards, regulatory mechanisms, is escalating. This distributed unevenly—digitalization leaders, primarily key Group 20 (G20) members, gain significant advantages, their potential shaping regulation through consistent inclusion domestic standards norms in documen...

The article analyses the duration of exports of individual products of former communist countries to the enlarged European Union (EU25) employing survival analysis. The results show that the duration of trade differs across EU10 and EU15 markets, for the majority of countries the length of trade is higher in EU10 markets than in the EU15 markets. The estimations suggest that differentiated prod...

The following is a summary of governance developments over the past year in select global capital markets. Included in the review are interviews with good governance advocates and observers detailing the impact of recent regulatory changes and governance trends in Hong Kong, Switzerland, and Turkey. A review of governance developments in major capital markets including the United Kingdom, Canad...