Organic pollution of rivers by wastewater discharge from human activities negatively impacts people and ecosystems. Without treatment, pollution control relies on a combination of natural degradation and dilution by natural runoff to reduce downstream effects. We quantify here for the first time the global sanitation crisis through its impact on organic river pollution from the threats of (1) i...

The response of two dominant coniferous species (Picea obovata Ledeb. and Pinus sylvestris L.) of eastEuropean taiga to industrial pollution in the impact zone of the Severonickel metallurgical combine (Murmansk Region, Kola Peninsula) was investigated. The water deficit of the needles and shoots described by shoot water potential ( ) was used as indicator of the pollution level in the area. Th...

The relationship between per capita income and a number of pollution indicators has been found to display an inverted U-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given income levels (direct effect) and by reducing per capita income (indirect effect). The total effect is ambiguous a priori. Using cross section data f...

This paper presents an experimental study of two mechanisms that influence incentives to reduce emissions that increase ambient pollution levels. In the formal mechanism individuals face a penalty if the group generates total pollution that exceeds a specified target, whereas in the informal mechanism individuals can choose to incur costs to punish each other after observing their individual em...

BACKGROUND Physical inactivity, ambient air pollution and obesity are modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases, with the first accounting for 10% of premature deaths worldwide. Although community level interventions may target each simultaneously, research on the relationship between these risk factors is lacking. OBJECTIVES After comparing spatial interpolation methods to determ...

Given non-degenerate intervals X of R and an increasing ordered mapping Φ : X × · · · ×X → R , games in strategic form between N players with the X as action sets with the following three properties are studied: the set of Nash equilibria E is convex, Φ is constant on E and in each Nash equilibrium at least one payoff function is not partially differentiable w.r.t. its own action. The results a...

In the beginning of the 21st century, the deterioration of water quality in Taihu Lake, China, has caused widespread concern. The primary source of pollution in Taihu Lake is river inflows. Effective pollution load reduction scenarios need to be implemented in these rivers in order to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake. It is important to select appropriate pollution load reduction scenari...