AODV is a reactive MANET routing protocol that does not support security of routing messages. SAODV is an extension of the AODV routing protocol that is designed to fulfil security features of the routing messages. In this paper, we study the performance of both AODV and SAODV routing protocols under the presence of blackhole, grayhole, selfish and flooding attacks. We conclude that the perform...

Flooding is not a recent hazard in the Philippines but one that has occurred throughout the recorded history of the archipelago. On the one hand, it is related to a wider global ecological crisis to do with climatic change and rising sea levels but on the other hand, it is also the effect of more localised human activities. A whole range of socio-economic factors such as land use practices, liv...

The northeastern region of Bangladesh often experiences flash flooding during the pre-harvesting period of the boro rice crop, which is the major cereal crop in the country. In this study, our objective was to delineate the impact of the 2017 flash flood (that initiated on 27 March 2017) on boro rice using multi-temporal Landsat-8 OLI and MODIS data. Initially, we opted to use Landsat-8 OLI dat...

Collapsing glomerulopathy (CG) is a distinctive but nonspecific pattern of proliferative renal parenchymal injury characterised morphologically by an implosive, global and/or segmental collapse and wrinkling of the glomerular capillary walls. This is associated with a nearcomplete occlusion of the capillary lumen, florid hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the visceral epithelial cells (VECs), and s...

Finding that peripodial cells in wing and eye imaginal discs are essential for the growth and patterning of the separate layer of disc cells now opens the study of interacting cell layers to the powerful developmental genetic techniques with which the Drosophila system is blessed. We can anticipate that future work will identify how such interactions contribute to patterning and how the mechani...

PROPER DESIGN OF IMPELLERS FOR INDUCING gas dispersion in fermenters is a widely published topic that has typically emphasized such issues as agitator power, liquid holdup and flooding (1). Recent articles have focused on the advantages that various impeller configurations may have in fermenters (2, 3). This article describes the merits of different relative impeller sizes and explains how desi...

Territoriality carries costs and benefits, which are commonly affected by the spatial and temporal abundance and predictability of food, and by intruder pressure. Giant otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) live in groups that defend territories along river channels during the dry season using chemical signals, loud vocalizations and agonistic encounters. However, little is known about the territoria...

Engineers have worked for millennia to control natural flooding through dams and levees. While the fundamental principles and challenges of holding back water have not changed, the tools brought to the task continue to evolve. Among other tools being tested and implemented today are elaborate sensors to detect stresses and strains within structures, and impermeable lining materials known as geo...

In WSNs routing of data consumes a lot of energy due to excessive flooding of packets. In the proposed EERP scheme routing is done on the basis of intensity of received signals. Unlike REEP, information packet is forwarded by only one source sensor node. The information packets are forwarded by the sensor node which has the maximum intensity of received signal from the object. Alternate routing...