The history of the IMF in starburst regions is reviewed. The IMFs are no longer believed to be top-heavy, although some superstar clusters, whether in starburst regions or not, could be. General observations of the IMF are discussed to put the starburst results in perspective. Observed IMF variations seem to suggest that the IMF varies a little with environment in the sense that denser and more...

The first extensive study of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) characteristics and stability at Mercury is undertaken using MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) magnetometer data. Variations in IMF and solar wind conditions have a direct and rapid effect upon Mercury’s highly dynamic magnetosphere; hence, understanding of the time scales over which these v...

BACKGROUND Typically, symmetrical markings are made to lower the inframammary fold (IMF) according to the surgeon's judgment. Because inferomedial fascial attachments of the IMF may at times compromise the proper seating of the implant in this area, causing excessive superior projection, asymmetrical lowering of the IMF is performed to allow for increased lowering of the inferomedial aspect of ...

Deriving the Initial Mass Function and the Star Formation Rate (hereafter IMF and SFR) history of disc stars from local data implies assumptions concerning the vertical structure of the disc. Conversely, an accurate description of the vertical density of the stellar disc would require a precise knowledge of the stellar formation history. In this paper, the constraints available from local data ...

This research presents an investigation into the effects of metallicity and the initial mass function (IMF) on the star formation rates (SFRs) of star forming regions. Studies of SFRs at different eras in the universe help to understand galaxy formation and evolution and how stellar populations change over time. Photometry observations from the UH 2.2m telescope located on Mauna Kea and the Sup...

Does the United States shape the content of International Monetary Fund conditionality agreements? If so, in pursuit of what goals does the United States use its influence? We present evidence that American interests do shape the content of IMF conditionality agreements. We find that American policymakers use their influence in the IMF to pursue American financial and foreign policy objectives....

Since the current global financial crisis started in 2008, the international Monetary Fund (IMF) has been gaining power again. Before this crisis, the IMF appeared to be sliding towards terminal irrelevance. For several years, emerging economies had been making fewer and fewer demands on its rescue services. The economic emergency room with nearly no patients a year ago is now back in place. Bu...

We report structural analysis of completely relaxed GaSb epitaxial layers deposited monolithically on GaAs substrates using interfacial misfit (IMF) array growth mode. Unlike the traditional tetragonal distortion approach, strain due to the lattice mismatch is spontaneously relieved at the heterointerface in this growth. The complete and instantaneous strain relief at the GaSb/GaAs interface is...

Inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) may limit exercise performance. A few studies have reported that IMF occurs after short-duration swimming exercise, but whether short-duration running can induce IMF remains unclear. Intra-abdominal pressure is increased during running through diaphragmatic activation to stabilize the spine during movements of the upper limbs. This occurs along with the increase...

The large-scale and continuous monitoring of the ionospheric cusp region offered by HF radars has been exploited in order to examine the statistical location and motion of the equatorward edge of the HF radar cusp as a function of the upstream IMF BZ component. Although a considerable scatter is seen, both parameters have a clear influence from the north-south component of the IMF. Excellent ag...