OBJECTIVE To systematically review guidance documents for the estimation of the social cost of illegal drugs, and to define standards for this estimation. METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted between April and May 2015 and updated in November 2015. Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. Studies were included only if they provided indications of analytical methods for...

• Drug use. Cigarettes and alcohol are the most popular drugs among teenagers. They also cause more deaths than all other drugs combined (Office on Smoking and Health, 1990). One high school senior in five smokes daily. About 30 percent engage in binge drinking, contributing to the high rate of alcohol-related traffic accidents. Sixteen percent have used illegal drugs (National Center for Stati...

BACKGROUND The use of alcohol and drugs may affect workplace safety and productivity. Little is known about the magnitude of this problem in Norway. METHODS Employee recruitment methods with or without individual follow-up were compared. The employees filled in a questionnaire and provided a sample of oral fluid. Samples were analysed for alcohol, ethyl glucuronide (EtG; a biological marker o...

OBJECTIVE To produce an expert consensus hierarchy of harm to self and others from legal and illegal substance use. DESIGN Structured questionnaire with nine scored categories of harm for 19 different commonly used substances. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS 292 clinical experts from across Scotland. RESULTS There was no stepped categorical distinction in harm between the different legal and illegal...

She has published extensively on organized crime, drugs, and illegal markets. In the 1990s, she served as consultant to the Italian Ministries of the Interior and Justice and the UNODCCP. The decade following the breakdown of the Soviet Union has registered a rapid growth of illegal drug use and trade in Russia. Illicit psychoactive substances were consumed even prior 1991, but the former USSR ...