Electrical properties of the plasma membrane of guard cell protoplasts isolated from stomates of Vicia faba leaves were studied by application of the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The two types of K+ currents that have recently been identified in guard cells may allow efflux of K+ during stomatal closing, and uptake of K+ during stomatal opening (Schroeder et al., 1987)...

In this paper, we present an impulsive version of Filippov’s Theorem for fractional differential inclusions of the form: D ∗ y(t) ∈ F (t, y(t)), a.e. t ∈ J\{t1, . . . , tm}, α ∈ (1, 2], y(t+k )− y(t − k ) = Ik(y(t − k )), k = 1, . . . ,m, y(t+k )− y (t−k ) = Ik(y (t−k )), k = 1, . . . ,m, y(0) = a, y′(0) = c, where J = [0, b], D ∗ denotes the Caputo fractional derivative and F is a setvalued ma...

1. The electrophysiological properties of the sensory neurons that mediate withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia are modulated by a number of second messengers. For example, the second messengers adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and arachidonic acid modulate the S-K+ current (IK,S) and the calcium-activated K+ current (IK,Ca). Recent evidence suggests that protein kinase C (PKC) may also be...

Previously, the existence of nine types of outward potassium current (IK) was shown. The whole family of IK may be divided into two groups: fast transient currents (f) with time to peak less than 70 ms (at test potential near 0 mV), and slow (s) components (Lukyanenko et al. 1993). The latter were completely blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and the former were more sensitive to TEA than slow I...

Bellare, Boldyreva, Desai, and Pointcheval [2] proposed a new security requirement of encryption schemes called “key-privacy” or “anonymity.” It asks that an encryption scheme provides privacy of the key under which the encryption was performed. That is, if an encryption scheme provides the key-privacy, then the receiver is anonymous from the point of view of the adversary. They formalized the ...

Angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits an Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor-mediated increase in delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK) in neurons cultured from newborn rat hypothalamus and brainstem. This effect involves a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi protein and is abolished by inhibition of serine and threonine phosphatase 2A (PP-2A). Here, we determined that Ang II stimulates [3H]arachidonic acid (AA)...

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a. N1 = {(i1, i2, . . . , in) : ik ∈ Ik for all k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}} and b. N2 = {(x1, x2, . . . , xn) : ∑n k=1 xk = 0}. Proof. To prove (a), it suffices to show, by Proposition 1, that N1 is nonempty and x + ry ∈ N1 for all r ∈ R and all x, y ∈ N1. For the first condition, (0, 0, . . . , 0) ∈ N1 since Ik is a subgroup of R containing the additive identity 0 for all k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}. Tha...

Let n be a natural number such that n ≥ 2, and let a1, . . . an be positive numbers. Considering the notations Si1... ik = ai1 + · · ·+ aik , S = a1 + · · ·+ an, we prove certain inequalities connected to conjugate sums of the form: ∑ 1≤i1<···<ik≤n Si1... ik S − Si1... ik Then provided that 1 ≤ k ≤ n − 1 we give certain lower estimates for expressions of the above form, that extend some cyclic ...