“Spontaneous” degradation of IgD into Fc and Fab fragments frequently occurs during purification and storage. Because proteolysis is the likely mechanism for cleavage of IgD under these conditions, the susceptibility of IgD and other immunoglobulins to digestion with trypsin, plasmin, and papain was analyzed. IgD was much more susceptible to proteolysis than the other immunoglobulins studied. T...

Mature B cells coexpress both IgM and IgD B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) classes, which are organized on the cell surface in distinct protein islands. The specific role of the IgD-BCR is still enigmatic, but it is colocalized with several other receptors on the B-cell surface, including the coreceptor CD19. Here, we report that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is also found in proximity to the IgD-B...

INTRODUCTION Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is usually defined as the inability of an individual to control internet gaming resulting in serious negative consequences, and trait impulsivity has been viewed as a hallmark feature of IGD. Recent studies have suggested that the structural integrity of the white matter (WM) plays an important role in the neuromediation of an individual's impulsivity...

IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells from peripheral blood have been described as circulating marginal zone B cells. It is still unknown when and where these cells develop. These IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells exhibit somatic hypermutations (SHMs) in their B cell receptors, but the exact nature of the signals leading to induction of these SHMs remains elusive. Here, we show that IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Attentional bias for drug-related stimuli is a key characteristic for drug addiction. Characterizing the relationship between attentional bias and brain reactivity to Internet gaming-related stimuli may help in identifying the neural substrates that critical to Internet gaming disorder (IGD). METHODS 19 IGD and 21 healthy control (HC) subjects were scanned with functional ...

Periodontal disease is one of the most common infectious diseases of humans. Immune responses to infection trigger loss of alveolar bone from the jaw and eventual tooth loss. We investigated the contribution of B cell IgD to alveolar bone loss by comparing the response of B cell normal BALB/cJ mice and IgD deficient BALB/c-Igh-5(-/-J) mice to oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram...

Assessing the performance of Pareto front (PF) approximations is a key issue in field evolutionary multi/many-objective optimization. Inverted generational distance (IGD) has been widely accepted as indicator for evaluating comprehensive quality PF approximation. However, IGD usually becomes infeasible when facing real-world optimization problem it needs to know true priori. In addition, time c...

Immunoglobulin (Ig)M 1 IgD 1 B cells are generally assumed to represent antigen-inexperienced, naive B cells expressing variable (V) region genes without somatic mutations. We report here that human IgM 1 IgD 1 peripheral blood (PB) B cells expressing the CD27 cell surface antigen carry mutated V genes, in contrast to CD27-negative IgM 1 IgD 1 B cells. IgM 1 IgD 1 CD27 1 B cells resemble class-...

A series of immunoglobulin (Ig)-transgenic mice were generated to study the functional capabilities of the IgM and IgD classes of B lymphocyte antigen receptor in regulating both cellular development and responses to specific antigen. B cells from Ig-transgenic mice expressing either hen-egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific IgM or IgD alone were compared with B cells from mice that coexpressed IgM and I...

Individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) often have impaired risky decision-making abilities, and IGD-related functional changes have been observed during neuroimaging studies of decision-making tasks. However, it is still unclear how feedback (outcomes of decision-making) affects the subsequent risky decision-making in individuals with IGD. In this study, twenty-four adolescents with IG...