The notothenioid fishes of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica are remarkable examples of organismal adaptation to extreme cold. Their evolution since the mid-Miocene in geographical isolation and a chronically cold marine environment has resulted in extreme stenothermality of the extant species. Given the unique thermal history of the notothenioids, one may ask what traits have been gain...

In spite of the extensive studies that have been made in recent years on the structure and function of gills, especially in fish, little is known about the O2 tensions at different points along the exchange surface. Although the terminal water and blood tensions have been measured for a number of fish (Stevens & Randall, 1967; Piiper & Baumgarten-Schumann, 1967, 1968; Holeton, 1970; Garey, 1967...

The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is bound by its Article II, 3 to follow an ecosystem approach to management. This approach has been extended to the application of a precautionary approach in the late 1980s. In our review, we deal primarily with the science-related aspects of CCAMLR and its development towards an ecosystem approach to the managem...