OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of quantity of ice and contact area on ice pack/skin interface temperature during a 20-minute cooling period. DESIGN Repeated measures. SETTING Laboratory setting in an educational institution. PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy males aged between 18 and 22 years. INTERVENTIONS An ice pack was applied to the right thigh with compression using an elastic bandag...

Sea ice is an essential component of the global climate system since it influences and is influenced by changes and variations in the global energy balance and water cycle. In the context of decreasing SIE over the Arctic and an increasing area covered by the seasonal ice, spatial and temporal variations in thin ice especially its thickness are important research questions. The brightness tempe...

The objective of this study was to describe further the mechanism by which polysaccharide stabilizers contribute to stability of frozen dairy desserts. The influence of stabilizers on the thermal properties and viscosity of carbohydrate solutions at subzero temperatures, on the thermal properties of ice cream mix, and on ice crystallization and growth in ice cream were investigated. Polysacchar...

The pressure-temperature phase diagram of ice displays a perplexing variety of structurally distinct phases. In the century-long history of scientific research on ice, the proton-ordered ice phases numbered XIII through XV were discovered only recently. Despite considerable effort, none of the transitions leading from the low-temperature ordered ices VIII, IX, XI, XIII, XIV and XV to their high...

The AMSR-E sea ice standard level 3 products include sea ice concentration, sea ice temperature, and snow depth on sea ice. The AMSR-E standard sea ice concentration product is generated using the enhanced NASA Team (NT2) algorithm described by Markus and Cavalieri (2000), the snow depth is produced from the algorithm described by Markus and Cavalieri (1998) for both hemispheres, but excluding ...

The observed decline in summer sea ice extent since the 1970s is predicted to continue until the Arctic Ocean is seasonally ice free during the 21st Century. This will lead to a much perturbed Arctic climate with large changes in ocean surface energy flux. Svalbard, located on the present day sea ice edge, contains many low lying ice caps and glaciers and is expected to experience rapid warming...

The front position of calving glaciers is controlled by ice speed and frontal ablation which consists of the two processes of calving and subaqueous melting. However, the relative importance of these processes in frontal variation is difficult to assess and poorly understood, particularly for freshwater calving glaciers. To better understand the mechanism of seasonal variations involved in the ...

[1] The Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument was launched in October 2011 on the satellite now known as the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership. VIIRS was designed to improve upon the capabilities of the operational Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and provide observation continuity with NASA’s Earth Observing System’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradi...

one of the most dazzling events in the atmosphere is lightning. during updrafts in the life cycle of cumulus clouds, collision of graupels and ice crystals in the presence of liquid water results in vertical separation of electrical charges and lightning. there are four types of lightening depending on the location of discharge. the first type is cloud-to-ground lightning or fork lightning that...

[1] We present the physical basis of and validate a new remote-sensing algorithm that utilizes reflected visible and near-infrared radiation to discriminate between dry and wet snow. When applied to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data, our discrimination algorithm has the potential to retrieve melting regions of the ice sheet at a spatial resolution of 0.25 ...