IL-15 is critical for generation of multiple lymphoid subsets. Recent data have demonstrated a unique aspect of responses to IL-15, in that cells bearing the IL-15Ralpha chain can bind soluble IL-15 and "transpresent" the cytokine to other cells, allowing the latter to respond to IL-15. However, it is unclear whether IL-15 is normally secreted and then becomes bound to surface IL-15Ralpha on by...

Despite a high degree of homology, insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) mediate distinct cellular and physiological functions. Here, we demonstrate how domain differences between IR and IGF1R contribute to the distinct functions of these receptors using chimeric and site-mutated receptors. Receptors with the intracellular domain of IGF1R show increased activation of Shc and Gab-1 an...

Insulin deficiency downregulates HSP60 and IGF-I receptor signaling and disrupts intracellular signaling homeostasis in diabetic cardiac muscle. Our previous studies had shown that IGF-I receptor signaling can be modulated by the abundance of HSP60. Since HSP60 localizes to the cytoplasmic compartment and mitochondria, this study was carried out to determine the distribution of cytosolic and mi...

introduction: it has been shown that administration of win55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, into the basolateral amygdala (bla), dose-dependently increases the thermal latency to withdrawal in the tail-.ick test and decreases pain related behaviors in both phases of the formalin test. recent human and animal imaging data suggest that the nucleus accumbens (nac) is an important neural su...

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/somatomedin C is an important mediator of keratinocyte growth in vitro, and the expression of IGF-I receptors in the basal layer of normal epidermis suggests that this growth pathway may function in the regulation of keratinocyte growth in vivo as well. The pattern of IGF-I receptor expression in normal skin is distinct from that of the epidermal growth fact...

background: triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) carries a poor prognosis and therapeutic options are limited to date. the aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (vegfr2), hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (hif-1α) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (igf-1r) are expressed in tnbc and to...

The natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) is a transmembrane protein and a member of the CD94/NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by the KLRK1 gene, which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) placed on chromosomes 6 and 12 in mice and humans, respectively. NKG2D forms a homodimer structure and binds through ectodomains with its related ligands. Each of its monomers consis...

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