The role of P2 receptors in controlling hypoglossal motoneuron (XII MN) output was examined (1) electrophysiologically, via application of ATP to the hypoglossal nucleus of rhythmically active mouse medullary slices and anesthetized adult rats; (2) immunohistochemically, using an antiserum against the P2X2 receptor subunit; and (3) using PCR to identify expression of P2X2 receptor subunits in m...

The innervation of the musculature of the tongue and the hyobranchial apparatus of caecilians has long been assumed to be simple and to exhibit little interspecific variation. A study of 14 genera representing all six families of caecilians demonstrates that general patterns of innervation by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are similar across taxa but that the composi...

tlantoaxial subluxation is a rare but well-recognized complication of ankylosing spondylitis. Anterior subluxation is most common, but vertical subluxation of the dens may also occur and may result in cervical myelopathy, lower cranial nerve palsy, or even sudden death due to cervicomedullary compression. Tongue paralysis due to isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is also rare. In addition to occu...

Four cases of schwannoma originating from the lower cranial nerves are presented. Case 1 is a schwannoma of the vagus nerve in the parapharyngeal space. The operation was performed by the transcervical approach. Although the tumor capsule was not dissected from the vagus nerve, hoarseness and dysphagia happened transiently after the operation. Case 2 is a schwannoma in the jugular foramen. The ...

Branchial cleft anomalies are a common cause of lateral neck masses and may present with infection, cyst enlargement or fistulas. They may affect any of the nearby neck structures, causing compressive symptoms or vessel thrombosis. We present a case of a branchial cleft cyst in a 10-year-old boy who had been present for 1year. At the time of operation, the cyst was found to completely envelop t...

absracta rare variant of ansa cervicalis was discovered during dissection of the neck in amale cadaver. the superior root of the ansa cervicalis was formed by the c1 ventralramus. it accompanied with the vagus nerve in place of the hypoglossal nerve and descendedinto the carotid sheath with it. moreover the c1 ventral ramus formed fromthe sheath and joined the inferior root from c2 and c3 ventr...

OBJECTIVE To describe a patient who presented with a hypoglossal nerve palsy caused by a cavernous malformation, review the literature on cavernous malformations associated with cranial nerves and the differential diagnosis of hypoglossal palsy. RESULTS Partial resection of the lesion was achieved and the diagnosis of cavernous malformation proven histologically. CONCLUSIONS Involvement of ...

BACKGROUND Extensive facial nerve defects between the facial nerve trunk and its branches can be clinically reconstructed by incorporating double innervation into an end-to-side loop graft technique. This study developed a new animal model to evaluate the technique's ability to promote nerve regeneration. METHODS Rats were divided into the intact, nonsupercharge, and supercharge groups. Artif...

AIM Perform a morphometric analysis of the myelinic fibers of the right hypoglossal nerve, in two age groups; to verify quantitative changes as a result of the aging process. STUDY DESIGN Anatomic. MATERIAL AND METHOD A 1 cm fragment of the right hypoglossal nerve was collected from 12 male corpses without any medical history of diseases such as: diabetes, alcoholism, and malignant neoplasi...