Background: Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignancy in the female genital tract and associated with considerable degree of morbidity. Endometrial carcinoma has traditionally been divided into type I and type II cancers. Type I tumors are low grade endometrioid carcinoma that frequently arise in a setting of excess estrogen and associated with good clinical outcome while type II are ...

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most frequently encountered and perplexing condition in adult women. Its causes include a wide spectrum of diseases. An important diagnostic method is endometrial curettage. It provides information regarding specific and nonspecific infections and malignancy. Histological evaluation can also highlight the incidental findings of organic cause...

Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm primarily arises from the sex-cord stromal cells of the ovary. They represent about 5 to 8 % of all cancers of the ovary. They belong to the category of sex-cord stromal tumors: juvenile or adult types are frequently used in the literature. Juvenile GCT represents only 5% of this tumor and usually occurs in pre-pubertal girls and wome...

Female mice deficient in steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 have a decreased litter size. The average litter in homozygous deficient females is 2.7 pups vs. 8.0 pups in wild type controls. Oogenesis, fertilization, implantation, and placental morphology appear normal in the mutant animals. Fetal loss occurs between gestation days 10.75 and 11.0 commensurate with a midpregnancy surge in placental a...

Uterine carcinosarcoma (USC), also known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumor, is a rare and high-grade endometrial cancer composed of epithelial mesenchymal elements.1 UCS accounts for 4.3% all uterine corpus cancer, with worldwide annual incidence 0.5-3.3 cases per 100.000 women.1 Common risk factors include obesity, nulliparity, chronic endogenous or exogenous hyperestrogenism exposure, older...

Male breast cancer is an uncommon disease, with an estimated incidence of one case per 100 000 man-years (1). Conditions that result in relative estrogen excess or lack of androgen are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in both women (2) and men (3). An example of increased rates of male breast cancer associated with increased estrogen-to-testosterone ratios can be seen in men w...

Severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and, more recently, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) have been studied extensively over the last 20 years. The defining criteria for diagnosis of the disorders according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) include at least one moderate to severe mood symptom and one physical symptom for the diagnosis of PMS and by DSM IV cri...

It is well known that the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (Pten) is a tumor suppressor and is indispensable for epithelial cell homeostasis to prevent tumor formation. Mutations in Pten are frequently found both in sporadic and hereditary cancers, and mice with Pten deletion and/or loss-offunction mutations are highly susceptible to tumor induction by aberrant phosphat...

Over the past two decades, the female hormone 17b-estradiol (estrogen) has emerged as an important contributor to energy homeostasis in both males and females. Early clinical evidence involved the observation that men lacking estrogen synthesis secondary to mutations in aromatase—the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen—or men harboring estrogen resistance secondary to mutation of the estr...

Endometriosis infiltrates the colorectal muscularis propria in about one-tenth of patients with disease (1Maignien C. Santulli P. Marcellin L. Korb D. Bordonne Dousset B. Bourdon M. et al.Infertility women bowel endometriosis: first-line assisted reproductive technology results satisfactory cumulative live birth rates.Fertil Steril. 2021; 115: 692-701Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (3) Google Sch...