administrative regulations for water flow decrease distribution efficiency and effect the economical operation of irrigation networks. complications in distribution systems and the decrease in availability of water require study of the hydraulic performance of existing flow control structures. control systems designed by neyrpic (zayandeh rud network) and usbr (doroodzan network) were investiga...

More than 40 000 km year of water flows through the intricate hydraulic pathways inside leaves. This water not only sustains terrestrial productivity, but also constitutes nearly70%of terrestrial evapotranspiration, thereby influencing both global and local climate (Chapin et al. 2002). Thus, the central role played by leaf vascular systems in terrestrial biology provides an important context f...

to design subsurface drainage systems, it is necessary to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. one of the most common methods for field measurement of this parameter is the shallow well pump-in test method. another method which has recently been introduced for the above measurement is the guelph permeameter method. both methods are used to measure the soil saturated hydra...

mechanical, hydraulic, and chemical washing methods are the most common methods for sewer line cleaning. each of these methods includes several sub methods. rodding and bucket machine are the two most important of mechanical cleaning methods, whereas high-speed and flushing are the most important hydraulic cleaning methods. acids, alkalis, surfactants, and enzymes are widely used materials in s...

We investigated small-scale hydraulic power actuation systems using a system level analysis, where smallscale refers to systems generating 10 to 100 Watts output power, to determine whether the high power density advantage of hydraulics holds at small sizes. Hydraulic actuator system power density was analyzed with simple physics models and compared to an equivalent electromechanical system com...