In classical Ayurvedic medicine, the jungle is the dry land of the Punjab and the Delhi Doab, an open vegetation of thorny shrubs. The polarity of dry lands and wet lands framed not only the whole Ayurvedic materia medica, but also the more general conception of a cosmic physiology governed by Agni (the sun) and Soma (the dispenser of the rain). Clearing the land and draining the body were two ...

Introduction: The Development of the Concept of Personality Disorders The concept of personality disorder dates back to ancient times. In the 5th century B.C., Hippocrates put forward the humoral hypothesis. He defined two typologies: a short and sturdy stature called habitus apolepticus, and a tall and thin stature called habitus phthysicus. He later hypothesized that there are four types of l...

The historical part of this editorial is based in part on The History of Ophthalmology. During the 16th and 17th centuries, physicians were considered academicians and surgeons were considered craftsmen; barbers were technicians and disease was thought to be due to morbid humors. The printing press was invented, and Bartisch’s Ophthalmodouleia was the first comprehensive ophthalmology textbook....

propositions. But the current ascendancy of investigation of mental states and operations in terms of brain structures and processes makes talk of abstract propositions as antiquated as theories about souls or disease-causing humors. Moreover, philosophical theories of propositional belief have generated large numbers of insoluble puzzles, such as how it can be that a person can believe that Le...

Comprehensive explanation about milk oversupply is not available in the current literature because few studies have been done on this topic. In traditional Persian medicine, milk oversupply and its management have been described. The aim of this study was to investigate milk oversupply from the perspective of medieval Persian practitioners. In this study, some main medical resources of traditio...

Purpose Ayurveda advocates a holistic, individualized approach for disease diagnostics/treatment. Taking cognizance of physiological variabilities, Ayurveda devised a subjective method of pulse examination for health index assessment. As per Ayurveda, biological humors ‘TriDosha’ are fundamental psychosomatic principles responsible for health/ diseases (Vata: Body Movements; Pitta: Heat, Metabo...

The progress of wet age-related macular degeneration can now be controlled by intravitreal drug injection. This approach requires repeated injections, which could be avoided by delivering the drug to the retina. Intraocular implants are a promising solution for drug delivery near the retina. Currently, their accurate placement is challenging, and they can only be removed after a vitrectomy. In ...

The rate of accumulation of C-labeled thiourea in the aqueous humor of the anterior and posterior chambers of rabbits has been studied. The coefficients of transport by flow and diffusion and the concentration in the "secreted fluid" have been evaluated and compared with corresponding values for urea. The remits demonstrate that thiourea penetrates both the iris and ciliary processes more rapid...

It is both a difficult and an enviable job that has been given me-to review the latest edition of a classic textbook of surgery. The thirteenth edition of "Sabiston" continues the tradition of authoritative discussion of the broad field of surgery. As in his previous editions, Sabiston has sought the most esteemed surgeons from the entire country for contributions. The book's stated purpose is ...