Previous research has shown an ‘interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect’: intergroup interactions generally lead to less cooperative outcomes than interindividual interactions. We replicated the discontinuity effect in the deterministic prisoner’s dilemma, but we found that groups were more cooperative than individuals in a stochastic version of the game. Three major factors, greed, fea...

The wide application of GPS carrier-phase (CP) time transfer is limited by the problem of boundary discontinuity (BD). The discontinuity has two categories. One is “day boundary discontinuity,” which has been studied extensively and can be solved by a few methods [1–5]. The other category of discontinuity, called “anomaly boundary discontinuity (anomaly-BD),” comes from a GPS-measurements data ...

The steady time-averaged flows in a rotating system of immiscible fluids are studied experimentally. fill horizontal cylindrical container and brought into centrifuged state, when less dense fluid forms core, denser is distributed the form coaxial layer. Under action gravity field, core steadily displaced along radius such way that its axis oriented parallel to remains stationary laboratory fra...

This paper shows the advantages of the material failure process simulation by improve finite elements with embedded discontinuities, using a new definition of traction vector, dependent on the discontinuity length and the angle. Particularly, two families of this kind of elements are compared: kinematically optimal symmetric and statically and kinematically optimal non-symmetric. The constituti...

[1] High-pressure assemblages of subducted oceanic crust are denser than the normal upper mantle but less dense than the uppermost lower mantle. Thus subducted oceanic crust may accumulate at the base of the upper mantle. Direct observational evidence for this hypothesis, however, remains elusive. We present an analysis of a negativepolarity shear wave converted from compressional wave at a sei...