the wet and dry spells can be defined as a number of consecutive months with rain amount greater or less than the truncation level, respectively.analysis of the wet and dry spell properties of monthly rainfall series at 40 meteorology stations in the golestan province is carried out for an extended period of 34 years (1974–2007). the results proved that the patterns of wet and dry spell duratio...

This issue includes a study (Haneef et al. 2008) of simulated ocular compression (OC) by physicians who “routinely” performed OC during EEG examinations when syncopal episodes including breath-holding spells were suspected. The authors found that though each of those three physicians exerted a different range of pressure on a sphygmomanometer cuff when asked to use their thumbs as if the inflat...

We show that the distinction between job spells and employer spells matters for returns to tenure. Employer spells encompass between-job wage movements linked to promotions or demotions while job spells don't. Using a 1% sample of the British workforce over the period 1975-2010, we find that a significant proportion of the return to employer tenure arises due to job changes within employer spel...

BACKGROUND Cold spells and heatwaves increase mortality. However little is known about the effect of heatwaves or cold spells on cardiovascular morbidity. This study aims to assess the effect of cold spells and heatwaves on cardiovascular diseases in a Mediterranean region (Catalonia, Southern Europe). METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective study. Data were obtained from the Sy...

BACKGROUND Many studies have reported associations between temperature extremes and cardiovascular mortality but little has been understood about differences in the effects on acute and chronic diseases. The present study examines hot and cold spell effects on ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in the Czech Republic during 1994-2009, with emphasis upon differences in the effects on acute m...

This paper investigates the persistence of poverty over individuals' lifetimes using a hazard rate approach that accounts for multiple spells of poverty and incorporates spell duration, individual and household characteristics, and unobserved heterogeneity. The findings highlight the importance of considering multiple spells in an analysis of poverty persistence, with half of those who end pove...

Characterising ocean temperature variability and extremes is fundamental for understanding the thermal bounds in which marine ecosystems have adapted. While there growing evidence of how heatwaves threaten ecosystems, prolonged periods extremely cold temperatures, cold-spells, received less global attention. We synthesize literature on their ecological impacts physical mechanisms. Ecological th...

Forecasted changes in global climate predict not only shifts in average conditions but also changes in the frequency and intensity of climate extremes. In the subtropics, the passage of extreme cold spells functions as a major structuring force for ecological communities, and can incur substantial losses to biodiversity, agriculture, and infrastructure. If these events persist in the future, it...

A 2 months old child was brought with c/o arching of back and fisting present since day 15 life, which increased during feeding h/o not gaining weight birth. They were evaluated at a local doctor where the started on calcium syrup is taking medications for 1 month. Despite treatment, still having similar complaints. Now has been to hospital multiple episodes breath-holding spells, convulsions, ...