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it is generally recognised that ‘zero’ as we understand the concept today originated in two geographically separated cultures: the maya and indian. however, if zero merely signified a magnitude or a direction separator (i.e. separating those above the zero level from those below the zero level), the egyptian zero, nfr, dating back at least four thousand years, amply served these purposes. if ze...

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The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history. The ancient Iranian medicine was combined by different medical traditions from Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and Greece for more than 4000 years and merged to form what became the nucleus and foundation of medical practice in the European countries in the 13th century. The Iranian academic centers like Jundishapur ...

For the last few years, antibiotic resistance has become one of the major concerns within medical society. On one hand, pathogens have mostly acquired resistance against the major conventional antibiotics used in the treatment of microbial infections. These included even first-line antibiotics, which are critical in the treatment of severe infections. This catastrophic situation has occurred du...