old province sogdiana, comprising two major city states- samarkand and bukhara which had  ancient civilization and brilliant cultural heritage, was the most important province  of transoxian. achaemenids, seleucids, kushaniyan, hayateleh, turks and sasanians rule in this region at a time. at the interval between fall of the sassanid (652 a.d) and conquest of transoxiana by muslim (second half o...

Terrain is central to understanding why some countries have contentious ethnic divisions, while others do not. We argue that access to variable rugged terrain facilitated the development and survival of more distinct ethnic groups, even in the face of government repression. We show that the persistence of greater ethnic diversity in highly variable rugged areas as well as these ethnic groups te...

this article focuses on this problem: why and by what factors have rolled oral and written literature in social process for changing during the process of movement era? based on the analysis of narrative text and the sociology of literature methodology, survey results show that although historical theme has always been one of the topics discussed in the literature but the new iranian literature...

the article provides a critical assessment of the more recent literature that relies on theoretical frameworks such as post modernism and globalization to deal with national identity, ethnicity and cultural mobility. explaining sensitive and complicated issues such as identity requires the extensive use of the native historical, cultural and sociological sources related to the iranian experienc...

mainstream sociology under positivism has sought to provide universal theory, in one hand, and the historiography has attempted to narrative description of events, in the other hand. pathological studies show that both are suffering from extremism; so that mainstream sociology have neglected to study of special affairs and historiography  has not been able to build and provide theoretical gener...