Oleander is very frequently planted as an ornamental shrub in urban areas of the Mediterranean. Its most common pest aphid Aphis nerii, and heavy infestations produce aesthetic damage disturbances to citizens, they are sprayed with insecticides order reduce population density. One alternative method conservation biological control which enhanced by provisioning food, refuges, reproduction sites...

functional response, as describing the rates of predation in different prey density, and determining the predator efficiency, is important in the regulation of prey populations. the functional response of male and female adult of lady beetle, hippodamia variegata, was studied at different densities of green peach aphid under laboratory conditions on canola brassica napus l. (cv. rgs003). nymphs...

We tested the effect of2 exposure methods and 2 environmental factors, temperature and humidity, on Beauceria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) mycosis in Hippodamia convergens Gut<;lin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We found that the standard EPA bioassay method of exposing nontarget insects by immersion resulted in a per-insect dose that was 5 times greater than that from spray...

The predators Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), are frequently observed on vegetable crops, especially on tomato plants, as well as on flowers of several plants around crop fields. It is well known that when predators feed on pollen and nectar they can increase their longevity and reproductive capacity. T...