BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Extracellular volume (ECV) is the fluid contained in all noncellular compartments of the body and is a quantity tightly controlled by the kidney. Thus, there is a strong link between ECV and kidney function. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS & MEASUREMENTS The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study uses injected iohexol to obtain direct measures of GFR. Direct c...

This study explores the utility of small-footprint, discrete return lidar data in deriving important forest structural attributes with the primary objective of estimating plot-level mean tree height, dominant height, and volume of Eucalyptus grandis plantations. The secondary objectives of the study were related to investigating the effect of lidar point densities (1 point/m, 3 points/m, and 5 ...

Tropical peat swamp forests in Indonesia store huge amounts of carbon and are responsible for enormous carbon emissions every year due to forest degradation and deforestation. These forest areas are in the focus of REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation, forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) projects, w...

Recently, Dubickas and Smyth constructed and examined the metric Mahler measure and the metric näıve height on the multiplicative group of algebraic numbers. We give a non-Archimedean version of the metric Mahler measure, denoted M∞, and prove that M∞(α) = 1 if and only if α is a root of unity. We further show that M∞ defines a projective height on Q × /Tor(Q) as a vector space over Q. Finally,...

According to the definition of confounding in a causal diagram, the association of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) with health-related outcomes is almost always noncausal, attributable to confounding by weight and perhaps height. The same conclusion holds for any other deterministic derivation from weight and height. No causal knowledge is gained by estimating a nonexistent effect o...

Restoration of wet prairie in the central midwestern United States should include Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), but historic densities of this once dominant species are not easily achieved. Spartina pectinata was transplanted into a former agricultural field in three planting strategies: 20 small plugs, 4 medium-sized plugs, and a single large plug, with each treatment area totaling 0...

We examine the utility of Structure from Motion (SfM) point cloud products to generate a digital terrain model (DTM) and estimate canopy heights in a woodland ecosystem in the Texas Hill Country, USA. Very high spatial resolution images were acquired with a Canon PowerShot A800 digital camera mounted on an unmanned aerial system. Image mosaicking and dense point matching were accomplished using...

The paper focused on the height structure of Scots pine saplings affected by (1) retained solitary pine trees or (2) a pine-dominated edge stand. The study material in (1) and (2) consisted of ten separate regeneration areas in southern Finland. In (1) 2-m radius study plots were located at 1, 3, 6 and 10 m distances from 10 systematically selected, solitary retained trees in each stand. In (2)...

Background & aim: Saline lands can be utilized by planting native medicinal plants tolerant to salinity. The quantity and quality these plants are changed during various seasons in agriculture systems. Thus, this study carried out under salinity stress in order to examine the effect of sowing in two seasons on growth characteristics and essential oil  components of ajowan (Carum capticum </...