Hypercalcaemia is often thought to provide important clues to the presence of unsuspected illness. A presumptive diagnosis of hypercalcaemia may often be made on an elevated total serum calcium concentration although it should, strictly speaking, refer to an elevation in the physiologically important ionized (free) calcium concentration. Pseudohypercalcaemia is rare, but should be excluded befo...

HEAT AND HYDRATION MAY NOT BE THE FIRST CONSIDERATIONS OF TOURNAMENT DIRECTORS, COACHES, AND ATHLETES, WHEN PREPARING FOR TENNIS. HOWEVER, HEALTH RISKS AND PERFORMANCE DECREMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH. THE DEMANDS OF TENNIS, PARTICULARLY DURING MULTIDAY TOURNAMENTS, PREDISPOSE PLAYERS TO INCREASED CORE BODY TEMPERATURE AND LARGE FLUID LOSSES. THIS COMBINATION OF FACTORS CAN LEAD TO DECREASED...

Workers employed in outdoor occupations such as farming are exposed to hot and humid environments that put them at risk for heat-related illness or death. This report describes one such death and summarizes heat-related fatalities among crop production workers in the United States during 1992--2006. During this 15-year period, 423 workers in agricultural and nonagricultural industries were repo...

Introduction The impact of heat on mortality is well documented [1-3] but deaths tend to lag extreme heat and mortality data is generally not available for timely surveillance during heat waves. Recently, systems for near-real time surveillance of heat illness have been reported [4] but have not been validated as predictors of heat related mortality. In this study, we examined the associations ...

BACKGROUND Susceptibility to exertional heat illness (EHI) is considered multifactorial in nature. The aims of this study were to (1) review traditional susceptibility factors identified in cases of EHI and (2) determine how they are related to risk of hospitalisation. METHODS Review of an electronic database of EHI reported in the British Army between 1 September 2007 and 31 December 2014. C...

AIMS To assess whether workers under significant thermal stress necessarily dehydrated during their exposure and whether "involuntary dehydration" was inevitable, as supported by ISO 9866 and other authorities. Other objectives were to quantify sweat rates against recommended occupational limits, to develop a dehydration protocol to assist with managing heat exposures, and to understand the rol...

Amid the effects of global warming, Tokyo has become an increasingly hot city, especially during the summertime. To prepare for the upcoming 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo, all participants, including the athletes, staff, and spectators, will need to familiarize themselves with Tokyo's hot and humid summer conditions. This paper uses the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index, w...

The accuracy of core temperature (Tc) thermometry from temporal, tympanic, and oral thermometry devices has been variable during exercise in a hot, humid environment. The purpose of the present study was to cross-validate temporal, two tympanic devices, and oral devices compared to an ingestible thermistor during exercise in a hot, humid environment. Fourteen young, active adults (6 women) comp...

The focus of this review is upon acute exposure to hot environments and the accompanying physiological changes. The target audience includes physiologists, physicians and occupational health and safety practitioners. Using the principles of thermodynamics, the avenues for human heat exchange are explored, leading to an evaluation of some methods used to assess thermally-stressful environments. ...

This is the second part of a two part review of the military experience of heat illness. It presents a synopsis of the literature from the end of the Second World War to the present day. The epidemiological evidence for the factors causing heat injuries are summarised as well as the international developments of preventive " measures. Finally the current areas of uncertainty are indentified and...