introduction: cloacal malformation is an extremely rare fetal pathological condition but an important anomaly that presents as a variety of defects. it predominantly affects females, with prevalence of 1 in 50,000 births. prenatal ultrasonography usually showed oligohydramnios and the fetus having a large cystic mass in the lower abdomen with a single septum, bilateral hydronephrosis, ambiguous...

..................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 ................................................................................................ 1.1 Purpose of Work 1 .................................................

background and aims. the objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and the position of enamel defects of primary teeth and hence to estimate the approximate time of an insult. material and methods. 121 children aged 3 to 5 years were included in the study. the modified developmental defects of enamel index was used to diagnose and classify the defects. the defects were ...

the most frequent congenital heart defects in the neonatal period are ventricular septal defects. ventricular septal aneurysms can rarely develop from an interventricular septal (ivs) defect in adults. we describe a 47-year-old man with an aneurysm in the ivs growing towards the right ventricle, which was confirmed by cardiac computed tomographic angiography and was missed by echocardiography.

conclusions the right ventricular outflow tract palliation in children with cyanotic chd leads to long-term favorable outcome regarding improvement in oxygen saturation, increase in z score of both left and right pulmonary arteries and also considerable decrease in spell. also, death and complications are rare following rvot palliation. background the right ventricular outflow tract (rvot) pall...