This paper investigates the survivable traffic-grooming problem for optical mesh networks employing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and dedicated protection. We consider the dynamic-provisioning environment where a connection arrives at random, holds for a random amount of time, and then departs. A typical connection request may require bandwidth less than that of a wavelength, and it ma...

Rats frequently emit grooming actions in a highly stereotyped, syntactic chain in which three distinct phases of facially directed forearm movements are sequentially emitted in a rule-governed pattern and followed by body-directed licking. The present study evaluated the effects of the full dopamine D1 agonist, SKF 81297, and the partial dopamine D1 agonist, SKF 38393, on the duration of indivi...

Naturally occurring variations in maternal licking/grooming influence neural development and are transmitted from mother to female offspring. We found that the induction of maternal behavior in virgin females through constant exposure to pups (pup sensitization) was significantly shorter in the offspring of High compared with Low licking/grooming mothers, suggesting differences in maternal resp...

In humans, bereavement is associated with an increase in glucocorticoid (GC) levels, though this increase can be mitigated by social support. We examined faecal GC levels and grooming behaviour of free-ranging female baboons to determine whether similar effects were also evident in a non-human species. Females who lost a close relative experienced a significant increase in GC levels in the week...

The dynamic traffic-grooming problem in wavelength routed networks is generally a two-layered routing problem in which traffic connections are routed over light paths in the virtual topology layer and light paths are routed over physical links in the physical topology layer. Traffic grooming for multicast communication in WDM networks has received very little attention to date. In this paper, w...

In African antelope and North American cervids, breeding males during the rut engage in less oral self-grooming, and harbor a greater density of ticks, compared with conspecific females and non-breeding males. The purpose of this study was to experimentally test the proposition that down-regulation of self grooming in some male bovids occurs via the direct or indirect action of testosterone. Do...

We present a routing scheme based on a dynamic grooming policy for WDM mesh networks. In this scheme, routing decision combined with grooming policy. In addition, the traffic routing algorithm and the grooming policy are adaptive to resource utilization at virtual topology. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve resource utilization on existing lightpaths while leaving mor...

3 Energy E ciency using Tra c Grooming 9 3.1 Why Tra c Grooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.1 RWA and Tra c Grooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.2 Power Aware Provisioning (PAP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.3 LUB and RSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Biological market theory models the action of natural selection as a marketplace in which animals are viewed as traders with commodities to offer and exchange. Studies of female Old World monkeys have suggested that grooming might be employed as a commodity to be reciprocated or traded for alternative services, yet previous tests of this grooming-trade model in wild adult male chimpanzees have ...

Recent findings have shown that the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in human massage and caress are similar to those grooming of nonhuman primates. In contrast, little is known about brief touch both other Here we review evidence for primates contrast its patterns potential functions with better grooming. We show not an affiliative behavior as it assess competitive tendencies unfamiliar ...