H. P. Grice pioneered the study of conversational logic and put forward classic theory Conversational Implicature Cooperative Principle. Completely adhering to Principle or deliberately violating it will lead Implicature. In The Great Gatsby, main characters, such as Gatsby Daisy, tactically violate abide by relevant maxims in their communication, thus generating expressing true feelings. At sa...

The debate on context dependence of expressions has many roots: the logicphilosophical tradition, starting with Gottlob Frege and his context principle, has developed– with David Kaplan – a paradigm of formal semantics of context-dependent expressions like indexicals and demonstratives. The debate on commonsense reasoning – starting with John McCarthy – has produced a great amount of works on c...

Familiar wayfinders communicate route directions in a granular manner. In contrast to current navigation services, the detail of the description is adapted to the relation between the start and the target of the route. References to elements of the city are select in a manner leading to a referring expression respecting the conversation maxims formulated by Paul Grice (1975, 1989). We demonstra...

It is well known that the conjunction et can have various interpretations in natural language such as logical, temporal or causal ones. Assuming a structural uniformity among these different interpretations, semantic and pragmatic theories explain these interpretative differences by the general pragmatic principles of communication (Grice 1975, 1989, Posner 1980, Schmerling 1975, Carston 1993, ...

The purpose of this paper is to give a relevance-theoretic account of certain 'non-basic' indicative conditionals. There has been a claim (e.g. Grice 1989) that natural language if is semantically identical with material implication in logic. This approach runs into some problems, one of which is that some natural-language conditionals do not appear to involve the required truth-functional rela...

Grice (1957) drew a famous distinction between natural(N) and non-natural(NN) meaning, where what is meant(NN) is broadly equivalent to what is intentionally communicated. This paper argues that Grice’s dichotomy overlooks the fact that spontaneously occurring natural signs may be intentionally shown , and hence used in intentional communication. It also argues that some naturally occurring beh...

Scalar implicatures are traditionally viewed as pragmatic inferences which result from a reasoning about speakers’ communicative intentions (Grice 1989). This view has been challenged in recent years by theories which propose that scalar implicatures are a grammatical phenomenon. Such theories claim that scalar implicatures can be computed in embedded positions and enter into the recursive comp...

The supermaxim of Quality is concerned with the speaker's overall contribution (what is communicated, either explicitly or implicitly), while the first and second maxims of Quality relate only to what is said (i.e. the proposition explicitly expressed). While much attention has been paid in pragmatics to the maxims of Quantity, Relation and Manner, Grice's formulation of the maxims of Quality h...

1. Introduction Relevance or relatedness across speaker utterances is a basic normative ideal of conversation, upon which inter-subjective coherence is said to depend (Grice 1975; Sperber and Wilson 1986). Floutings of relevance are the exceptions that prove the rule, in that they typically signal an underlying coherence that can be derived through cognitive inferencing. Most research on releva...

Metabolomic Analysis of Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, Hemolymph Following 1 Oxidative Stress 2 3 Tracey B. Schock, David A. Stancyk, Lindy Thibodeaux, Karen G. Burnett, Louis E. 4 Burnett, Arezue F. B. Boroujerdi, Daniel W. Bearden 5 6 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, Hollings 7 Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412 8 Grice Marine Labor...