Transport-related Fringe Benefits: Implications for Commuting and Relocation Fringe benefits of various kinds have become an essential element of modern labour market mechanisms. Firms offer transport-related fringe benefits such as transport subsidies (company cars, travel and parking subsidies) and relocation subsidies to job applicants. The spatial implications of these fringe benefits have ...

Rapid urbanization has caused many environmental problems, such as the heat island effect, intensifying air pollution, pollution from runoff, loss of wildlife habitat, etc. Accurate evaluations of these problems demand an accurate delineation of the spatial extent of the urban fringe. Conceptual and analytical ambiguity of the urban fringe and a general lack of consensus among researchers have ...

In this paper novel approaches based on anisotropic coupled diffusion equations are presented to do filter and binarization for ESPI fringes. An advantageous characteristic associated with the proposed technique is that diffusion takes place mainly along the direction of the edge. Therefore, the proposed anisotropic coupled diffusion filter method can avoid blur of the fringe edge and protect t...

In traditional interference lithography, interference fringes are typically phase locked to a stationary substrate using analog homodyne photodiode signals that are fed back to control a phase-shifting device such as an electro-optic modulator or a piezoelectrically transduced mirror. Commercially available fringe-locking systems based on this approach often achieve stability of the interferenc...

The spatial orientation of the fringe has been demonstrated to be a key point in the reliable phase demodulation from a single n-dimensional fringe pattern regardless of the frequency spectrum of the signal. The recently introduced general n-dimensional quadrature transform (GQT) makes explicit the importance of the fringe orientation in the demodulation process. The GQT is a quadrature operato...

Thermally induced stresses play a very important role in controlling the structural reliability of microchip packages. In order to evaluate the magnitude of the warpage of measured objects caused by such stresses, the shadow moiré technique was suggested, where how the moiré fringes are extracted is the key feature. In this work, an improved filtering algorithm based on a nonlinear diffusion eq...

The technique for locating the region of fringe localization for an interferometer used with a spatially incoherent source is well known. For each light ray going into an interferometer, two or more rays will emerge. The fringes are localized in the region where these emerging rays derived from a single input ray intersect. The proof most often given for the above result involves a large amount...

We propose a novel hybrid FPP-DIC technique to measure an object’s shape and deformation in 3D simultaneously by using single 3CCD color camera, which captures the blue fringe patterns red fluorescent speckles within same image. Firstly, were painted on surface of specimen. Subsequently, 12 computer-generated with black background projected onto specimen DLP projector. Finally, both reference d...

In this paper we present an algorithm for optical phase evaluation based on the wavelet transform technique. The main advantage of this method is that it requires only one fringe pattern. This algorithm is based on the use of a sًecond /2 phase shifted fringe pattern where it is calculated via the Hilbert transform. To test its validity, the algorithm was used to demodulate a simulated fringe p...

The thesis introduces novel techniques in the field of fringe analysis for direct estimation of phase gradients or derivatives. A pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution based method is proposed to reliably estimate the phase derivatives from a single fringe pattern. The method’s ability for estimating rapidly varying phase derivatives is enhanced by developing an adaptive windowing technique. Further...