Seismo-ionosphere coupling processes have been investigated considering the GPS observed anomalous ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) variations before strong earthquakes as their precursors. The numerical simulations' results of the TEC response on the vertical electric currents flowing between the Earth and ionosphere during the earthquake (EQ) preparation time have been performed. Mode...

This article presents a nonlinear least square estimation method based on the continuous TEC values at single stations from long-time recorded dual-frequency GPS data of International GNSS Service (IGS) to facilitate single-station empirical total electron content (TEC) modelling. The Nonlinear Polynomial GPS-TEC Model (NPGTM) each four different (namely Ellesmere Island (alrt), Canada; Lhasa (...

Global navigation satellite system signals are known to be an efficient tool monitor the Earth ionosphere. We suggest Galileo E5 AltBOC phase and pseudorange observables—a single-frequency combination—to estimate ionospheric total electron content (TEC). performed a one-month campaign in September 2020 compare noise level for different TEC estimations based on dual-frequency data. Unlike GPS, G...

It is well known that tsunamis can produce gravity waves that propagate up to the ionosphere generating disturbed electron densities in the E and F regions. These ionospheric disturbances can be studied in detail using ionospheric total electron content (TEC) measurements collected by continuously operating ground-based receivers from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Here, we pre...

A regional reference model of total electron content (TEC) was constructed using data from the GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET), which consists of more than 1000 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite receivers distributed over Japan. The data covered almost one solar activity period from April 1997 to June 2007. First, TECs were determined for 32 grid points, expanding from 27 to 45 N...

The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important and useful technology that has been developed for information and communication technology. The propagated wireless signals along GPS link are affected by the ionospheric electron density irregularities, so the GPS signals may experience amplitude and phase fluctuations. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ionospheric sc...