نتایج جستجو برای: governments and non
تعداد نتایج: 17007757 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
The weak government argument claims that fractionalized governments (coalition or minority governments) have more difficulty increasing their tax revenues or decreasing their spending than majority governments. This implies that weaker governments are associated with higher government deficits. In this paper, we test the implication of a fractionalization effect within the optimum financing mod...
The relationship between added value of economic activities and the Governments budget along with the impact of this budget on the employment of economic activities are among the issues that economic decision-makers and analysts assume to be crucial. Classification of statistical data has not yet allowed experts and decision-makers to evaluate the Governments role in production and employment i...
We develop a theory of the emergence of minority and majority governments in multiparty parliamentary systems using a canonical non-cooperative bargaining model and assuming a policy space of arbitrary finite dimension, any number of political parties, and a general class of preferences over the government agreement space. Only majority governments form in the absence of significant political d...
Purpose Early evidence suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a sharp deterioration in fiscal accounts worldwide. This paper empirically assesses the impact of previous pandemics and epidemics. Design/methodology/approach Using large sample 170 countries from 2000 to 2018, this study relies on Jordà's (2005) local projection method trace pandemics' short- medium-term dynamic s...
چکیده ندارد.
this thesis basically deals with the well-known notion of the bear-invariant of groups, which is the generalization of the schur multiplier of groups. in chapter two, section 2.1, we present an explicit formula for the bear-invariant of a direct product of cyclic groups with respect to nc, c>1. also in section 2.2, we caculate the baer-invatiant of a nilpotent product of cyclic groups wuth resp...
Due to the lack of a regular and stable system and difficulties in budget management, tax affairs during the Mamalik era (648-923) was transforming continuously. Since, part of the Mamalik’s incomes, like previous governments, was based on collecting taxes from non-Muslim Copts, sources of this period indicate that due to various factors, Mamliks have been forced to make changes in the way of t...
There is a situation that due to economic shocks and imbalances in structural budgets and its continuation leads to stress in governments in uncertainty conditions. Fiscal stress as a volatile situation in financing of local governments can exacerbate the inability of governments to meet short-term and long-term fiscal commitments and excessive dependence on the central government. So the posit...
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